Books/An Introduction to Buddhism (Takasaki)

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• Preface to the English Versioniii
• A Note on Foreign Wordsviii
• Introduction: What is Buddhism?1
  • Buddha, Dharma, and Saṃgha: The Three Constituents of Buddhism3
  • Taking Refuge in the Three Treasures5
  • The Absolute Nature of the Dharma8
  • Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna: The "Greater" and "Lesser" Vehicles11
  • The Buddhist Canon (tri-piṭaka)16

• I. The Life of Śākyamuni23
  • The Buddha Śākyamuni23
  • Biographies of the Buddha25
  • Birth and Renunciation28
  • Austerities and Enlightenment31
  • The Beginnings of Śākyamuni's Teaching Ministry: His First Sermon34
  • Dissemination of the Teaching and the Growth of the Community38
  • The Great Decease42
  • Erection of Stūpas and the First Council45

• II. The True Nature of the Buddha49
  • Designations of the Buddha50
  • Buddha and Tathāgata53
  • The Former Lives of the Buddha55
  • The Buddhas of the Three Ages59
  • The Buddhas of the Ten Directions61
  • Material Body and Dharma-Body64
  • The Theory of Three Bodies68

• III. Dharma: The Buddhist Conception of Truth70
  • The Meanings of Dharma70
  • The Basis of the Teaching: Dependent Co-arising and the Four Noble Truths76
  • Śākyamuni's: Philosophical Position: The Ten or Fourteen Unanswerables85
  • "Dharma-seals": The Watchwords of Buddhism89
  • Saṃskāra and Dharma: The Dependently Co-arisen96
  • Dharmatā: The Principle of Dependent Co-arising100
  • The Conception· of Truth in Mahāyāna Buddhism104
  • Supreme Truth and Conventional Truth105

• IV. Sarva-dharmāh: The Constituent Elements of Existence107
  • The Classification of the Constituent Elements of Existence in the Early Canon: The Five Ag­gregates, Twelve Sense-Fields, and Eighteen Realms107
  • The Sarvāstivādin Classification of the Constituent Elements of Existence: The Five Categories and Seventy-five Elements114
  • The Sarvāstivādin Theory of the Elements: The Elements Exist Eternally120
  • The Mahāyānist Conception of the Elements: All is Empty126

• V. Transmigration, Karma, and Mental Defilements128
  • Transmigratory Existence: The Three Realms and Six Paths128
  • Karma137
  • Mental Defilements141
  • The Twelvefold Chain of Dependent Co-arising149

• VI. The Path to Enlightenment163
  • Nirvāṇa and Enlightenment163
  • The Mahāyānist Conception of Nirvāṇa168
  • The Path to Enlightenment170
  • The Noble Eightfold Path172
  • The Three Disciplines: Morality, Meditation, and Wisdom174
  • Faith and Practice188
  • Practices for· the Welfare of Others191
  • The Practices of the Bodhisattva: The Six Perfections193

VII. Mind: The Agency of Practice .. , .... :······ .. ···········198 No-self and Subjective Agency ................................. 198 Mind (citta, manas, and vijfiana) ........ : ...... 􀀟;: .......... 200 Mind-only and Cognition-only ................................. -205 The 'Innately Pure Mind arid the · . .Embryo of the Tathagata ............................... : .. : .. ; .................... 215 Enlightenment a:nd-Salvation.:.: ....•..... 􀀁·J ••• 􀀄 •••••••••••••••••• 223 VIII. The Ideal Practitioner ..............•..... , .................. 227 The Concept "Man" ............ '.,. 􀂩 ............................... 227 Ordinary Man and Holy Mari' ................................. 228 The Stages ,of the Bodhisattv:a ...•.. ; ............ :: ................ 233 "One V ehide" and "Three V 􀂸hicles" .: ..................... 240 IX. The Precepts and the Organization of th􀂿, Community .246 The Meaning of Sa'T[l,gha ............... ;.; ..................... 246 The Organization of the Community ........................ 250 Community Regulations .......................................... 255 X The History of Buddhism .................................... 263 1. Buddhism in India and the Surrounding Lands ...... 264 The Basic Schism ..................................... : .... 264 The Mauryan Dynasty and Dissemination to Sri Lanka ................................................... 266 The Kushan Dynasty and the Northern Tradition of Buddhism .......................... .,-: ..... 267 The Characteristics of Schismatic Buddhism ...... 268 The Birth of Mahayana Buddhism .................. 269 The Madhyamika and Y ogacara Schools ......... 270 The Age of Esoteric Buddhism ........................ 272 Tibetan Buddhism .......................................... 275 The Southern Tradition of Buddhism ............... 277 The Revival of Buddhism in India .................. 278 2. Chinese Buddhism ............................................. 279 The Introduction of Buddhism ........................ 279 Buddhism Takes Root: The Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties .................. 280 The Establishment of Chinese Buddhism: The Sui and T'ang Dynasties ...................... 283 Subsequent Developments ................................ 290 3. Korean Buddhism .................... : ...................... .' .. 290

4.Japanese Buddhism .......................................... 293 The Introduction of Buddhism and Prince Shotoku ..................................................... 293 The Sects of the Nara Period ......................... 294 The Tendai and Shingon Sects ........................ 297 The Rise of the Pure Land Teachings ............. 300 The Introduction of the Zen Sects .................. 301 The Nichiren and Ji Sects .............................. 303 Buddhism since the Muromachi Period ............ 305 Sources .................................................................. 309 Select Bibliography ................................................... 315 General Index .............................................•... -........ 325 Character Index· ....................................................... 352 The Author; the Translator ....................................... 375

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Mahāyāna - Mahāyāna, or the Great Vehicle, refers to the system of Buddhist thought and practice which developed around the beginning of Common Era, focusing on the pursuit of the state of full enlightenment of the Buddha through the realization of the wisdom of emptiness and the cultivation of compassion. Skt. महायान Tib. ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོ། Ch. 大乘

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Hīnayāna - The mainstream teachings and the early schools of Buddhism which primarily taught individual liberation through practice-focused renunciation and monasticism, considered lesser than the later movement of the Greater Vehicle (Mahāyāna), which professed enlightenment for all sentient beings and promoted compassion. Skt. हीनयान Tib. ཐེག་དམན། Ch. 小乘

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dharmatā - The true nature of phenomenal existence. Skt. धर्मता Tib. ཆོས་ཉིད་ Ch. 法性

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Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a Bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to Buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have Bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt. बोधिसत्त्व Tib. བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ། Ch. 菩薩

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Yogācāra - Along with Madhyamaka, it was one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Asaṅga and Vasubandhu around the fourth century CE, many of its central tenets have roots in the Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra and the so-called third turning of the dharma wheel (see tridharmacakrapravartana). Skt. योगाचार Tib. རྣལ་འབྱོར་སྤྱོད་པ་ Ch. 瑜伽行派

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Madhyamaka - Along with Yogācāra, it is one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Nāgārjuna around the second century CE, it is rooted in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras, though its initial exposition was presented in Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā. Skt. मध्यमक Tib. དབུ་མ་ Ch. 中觀見

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gzhan stong - The state of being devoid of that which is wholly different rather than being void of its own nature. The term is generally used to refer to the ultimate, or buddha-nature, being empty of other phenomena such as adventitious defiling emotions but not empty of its true nature. Tib. གཞན་སྟོང་

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rang stong - The state of being empty of self, which references the lack of inherent existence in relative phenomena. Tib. རང་སྟོང་

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tathāgatagarbha - Buddha-nature, literally the "womb/essence of those who have gone (to suchness)." Skt. तथागतगर्भ Tib. དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་སྙིང་པོ་ Ch. 如来藏

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prabhāsvaratā - In a general sense, that which clears away darkness, though it often appears in Buddhist literature in reference to the mind or its nature. It is a particularly salient feature of Tantric literature, especially in regard to the advanced meditation techniques of the completion-stage yogas. Skt. प्रभास्वर Tib. འོད་གསལ་ Ch. 光明

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gotra - Disposition, lineage, or class; an individual's gotra determines the type of enlightenment one is destined to attain. Skt. गोत्र Tib. རིགས་ Ch. 鍾姓,種性

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