Saṃsāra, Nirvāṇa, and Buddha Nature

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Knowledge of buddha nature reveals and reconciles the paradox of how the mind can be the basis for both the duhkha of samsara (the unpurified mind) and the bliss and fulfillment of nirvana (the purified mind). To illustrate this, Saṃsāra, Nirvāṇa, and Buddha Nature first takes readers through Buddhist thought on the self, the four truths, and their sixteen attributes. It then explains afflictions—including how they arise and their antidotes—followed by an examination of karma and cyclic existence, and, finally, a deep and thorough elucidation of buddha nature. Saṃsāra, Nirvāṇa, and Buddha Nature shows us how to purify our minds and cultivate awakened qualities.

This is the third volume in the Dalai Lama’s definitive and comprehensive series on the stages of the Buddhist path, The Library of Wisdom and Compassion. Volume 1, Approaching the Buddhist Path,contains introductory material that sets the context for Buddhist practice. Volume 2, The Foundation of Buddhist Practice, describes the important teachings that help us establish a flourishing Dharma practice. Saṃsāra, Nirvāṇa, and Buddha Nature can be read as the logical next step in this series or enjoyed on its own. (Source: Wisdom Publications)

Citation	Dalai Lama, 14th, and Thubten Chodron. Saṃsāra, Nirvāṇa, and Buddha Nature. Library of Wisdom and Compassion 3. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications, 2018.

Buddha Nature

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Nine Similes for Tathāgatagarbha

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Preface by Bhiksuni Thubten Chodron xiii
Abbreviations xxi
Introduction by His Holiness the Dalai Lama i
- 1. The Self, the Four Truths, and Their Sixteen Attributes 5
  - Three Questions about the Self 5
  - The Four Truths 10
  - The Coarse and Subtle Four Truths 18
  - The Sixteen Attributes of the Four Truths of Aryas 19
- 2. Revolving in Cyclic Existence: The Truth of Duhkha 39
  - Knowing Duhkha for What It Is 39
  - Realms of Existence 41
  - Three Types of Duhkha 47
  - Feelings, Afflictions, and Duhkha 50
  - Six Disadvantages of Cyclic Existence 51
  - Eight Unsatisfactory Conditions 53
  - Examining True Duhkha via Ten Points 54
  - Our Human Value 57
- 3. True Origins of Duhkha 63
  - The Six Root Afflictions 64
  - More Types ofDefilements 87
  - Afflictions 88
  - Underlying Tendencies 88
  - Auxiliary Afflictions 92
  - Fetters 97
  - Pollutants 98
  - Hindrances 99
- 4. Afflictions, Their Arising, and Their Antidotes 101
  - Eighty-Four Thousand Afflictions 101
  - The Order in Which Afflictions Arise 104
  - Factors Causing Afflictions to Arise 106
  - Feelings That Accompany Afflictions 109
  - The Ethical Dimension of Afflictions 110
  - Counterforces to the Afflictions 112
  - Afflictions, Our Real Enemy 119
- 5. Afflictions and Karma, Their Seeds and Latencies 123
  - Acquired and Innate Afflictions 124
  - Coarse and Subtle Afflictions 126
  - Seeds, Latencies, and Having-Ceased 126
  - Latencies and Ideas in Other Religions and in Psychology 135
  - Virtue, Nonvirtue, Merit, and Roots of Virtue 137
- 6. Karma, the Universe, and Evolution 141
  - The Origin of the Universe 141
  - Mind and the External World 144
  - The Laws ofNature and the Law of Karma and Its Effects 148
  - Karma and Our Present Environment 150
  - Karma, Instinctual Behavior, and Our Bodies 152
- 7. Revolving in Cyclic Existence:

The Twelve Links of Dependent Origination 155

- - Dependent Arising 156
  - How Cyclic Existence Occurs 158
  - 1. Ignorance (avidya) 159
  - 2. Formative Action {samskdra karman) 165
  - 3. Consciousness (vijndna) 168
  - 4. Name and Form (ndma-rupa) 170
  - 3. Six Sources (sadayatand) 172
  - 6. Contact (sparsa) 176
  - 7. Feeling iyedana) 176
  - 8. Craving {trsnd) 179
  - 9. Clinging (upadana) 182
  - 10. Renewed Existence (bhava) 183
  - 11. Birth (jdti) 188
  - 12. Aging or Death (jardmarana) 190
- 8. Dependent Origination: Cycling in Samsara 193
  - How the Twelve Links Produce a Life 193
  - An Example 197
  - Flexibility 200
  - Pali Tradition: How We Cycle 200
  - An Example from a Pali Sutra 202
  - Who Revolves in Cyclic Existence? 204
  - The Ultimate Nature of the Twelve Links 211
- 9. The Determination to Be Free 217
  - The Benefits ofMeditating on the Twelve Links 217
  - Invigorating a Dry Dharma Practice 219
  - Can a Leper Find Happiness? 222
  - Compassion for Ourselves and Others 223
  - The Demarcation of Generating the Determination to Be Free 227
- 10. Seeking Genuine Peace 231
  - The "Ye Dharma" Dharani 232
  - Forward and Reverse Orders of the Afflictive and Purified Sides of the Twelve Links 234
  - Transcendental Dependent Origination (Pali Tradition) 238
  - Karma in Samsara and Beyond 249
- 11. Freedom from Cyclic Existence 233
  - Stages Leading to Liberation and Full Awakening 254
  - The Two Obscurations 259
  - Nirvana 262
  - Pali Tradition: Nirvana 266
  - Bodhi 274
- 12. The Mind and Its Potential 277
  - The Mind's Potential 277
  - Is Liberation Possible? 279
  - Excellent Qualities Can Be Cultivated Limitlessly 281
  - Afflictive Mental States and the Nature of the Mind 283
  - The Equality ofSamsara and Nirvana 284
  - Levels ofMind 286
- 13. Buddha Nature 291
  - The Mind's Potential according to the Pali Tradition 291
  - Arya Disposition according to the Vaibhasikas and Sautrantikas 292
  - Buddha Nature according to the Cittamatra School 293
  - Buddha Nature according to the Madhyamaka School 296
  - Buddha Nature according to Tantra 301
  - Nine Similes for Tathagatagarbha 302
  - Three Aspects of the Tathagatagarbha 310
  - Three Aspects ofBuddha Disposition 314
  - A Puzzle 315
- 14. Going Deeper into Buddha Nature 319
  - The Three Turnings of the Dharma Wheel and Buddha Nature 319
  - A Link between Sutra and Tantra 322
  - Nothing Is to Be Removed 325
  - The Capacity Giving Rise to the Three Kayas 327
  - A Buddha's Nature Dharmakaya 328
  - Pristine Wisdom Abiding in the Afflictions 330
  - Causal Clear Light Mind 332
  - What Continues to Awakening? 332
  - Dzogchen and Mahamudra 334
  - Are We Already Buddhas? 337
  - Awareness of Our Buddha Nature Eliminates Hindrances 341
Notes 343
Glossary 353
Further Reading 367
Index 371
About the Authors 409