Can all Beings Potentially Attain Awakening? Gotra-theory in the Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra

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Can All Beings Potentially Attain Awakening? Gotra-theory in the Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra
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Citation: Lua error in Module:GetMediaValue at line 1: Module:MediaData returned boolean, table expected.
Translated texts: Lua error in Module:GetMediaValue at line 1: Module:MediaData returned boolean, table expected.

Abstract

Lua error in Module:GetMediaValue at line 1: Module:MediaData returned boolean, table expected.

References

  • Bagchi, Sitansusekhar, ed. 1970. Mahāyāna-Sūtrālaṅkāra of Asaṅga. Darbhanga, Bihar: Mithila Institute.
  • Beal, Samuel, trans. 1906. Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, 2 vols. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co.
  • Buswell, Robert E., Jr. 1992. "The path to perdition: the wholesome roots and their eradication." Paths to Liberation: The Mārga and Its Transformations in Buddhist Thought. Edited by Robert E. Buswell, Jr. and Robert M. Gimello. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press: 107-134.
  • D'Amato, Mario. 2000. "The Mahāyāna-Hīnayāna Distinction in the Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra". A Terminological Analysis." PhD diss., University of Chicago.
  • Davidson, Ronald M. 1985. "Buddhist Systems of Transformation: Āśrayaparivṛtti/-parāvṛtti among the Yogācāra." PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley.
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  • Funahashi Naoya, ed. 1985. Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra (Chapters I, II, III, IX, X): Revised on the Basis of Nepalese Manuscripts. Tokyo: Kokushokankokai, Ltd.
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  • Griffiths, Paul J. 1990b. "Painting space with colors: Tathāgatagarbha in the Mahāyāna-sūtrālaṅkāra-corpus IX. 22-37." Buddha Nature: A Festschrift for Minoru Kiyota. Edited by Paul J. Griffiths and John P. Keenan. Reno: Buddhist Books Int.: 41-63.
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  • Keenan, John P. 1980. "A Study of the Buddhabhūmyupadeśa." PhD diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison.
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  • Lamotte, Étienne, trans. 1976. The Teaching of Vimalakīrti. Translated by Sara Boin. London: Pali Text Society. Originally published as L'Enseignement de Vimalakīrti in 1962.
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  • Mano Ryūkai. 1967. "'Gotra' in Haribhadra's theory." Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (Indogaku Bukkyōgaku Kenkyū) vol. 15.2: 972-964.
  • Nagao Gadjin. 1958-1961. Index to the Mahāyāna-Sūtrālaṃkāra, 2 vols. Tokyo: Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkō-kai.
  • Nagao Gadjin, ed. 1964. Madhyāntavibhāga-bhāsya. Tokyo: Suzuki Research Foundation.
  • Obermiller, E., trans. 1987. The Jewelry of Scripture by Bu ston. Delhi: Sri Satguru. Originally published in 1931.
  • Powers, John, trans. 1995. Wisdom of Buddha: The Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra. Berkeley: Dharma Publishing.
  • Pradhan, P., ed. 1967. Abhidharmakośabhāṣya of Vasubandhu. Patna: K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute.
  • Ruegg, David Seyfort. 1968. "Ārya and Bhadanta Vimuktisena on the gotra-theory of the Prajñāpāramitā." Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Süd- und Ostasiens vol 12-13: 303-317.
  • Ruegg, David Seyfort. 1969. La Théorie du Tathāgatagarbha et du Gotra. Paris: École Française d'Extrëme-Orient.
  • Ruegg, David Seyfort. 1974. "Pāli gotta/gotra and the term gotrabhū in Pāli and Buddhist Sanskrit." Buddhist Studies in Honour of I. B. Horner. Edited by L. Cousins, A. Kunst, and K. R. Norman. Dordrecht: D. Reidel: 199-210.
  • Ruegg, David Seyfort. 1976. "The meanings of the term gotra and the textual history of the Ratnagotravibhāga." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies vol. 39: 341-363.
  • Sakaki R., ed. 1926. Mahāvyutpatti, 2 vols. Kyoto: Suzuki Gakujutsu Zaidan.
  • Schmithausen, Lambert. 1969. "Zur Literaturgeschichte der älteren YogācāraSchule." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft supplementa I: 811-823.
  • Schmithausen, Lambert. 1976. "On the problem of the relation between spiritual practice and philosophical theory in Buddhism." German Scholars on India, vol. 2. Edited by the Cultural Department of the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: 235-250.
  • Ui Hakuju. 1928. "On the author of the Mahāyāna-sūtrālaṃkāra." Zeitschrift für Indologie und Iranistik vol. 6: 215-225.
  • Wayman, Alex. 1961. Analysis of the Śrāvakabhūmi Manuscript. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Williams, Paul. 1989. Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations. London: Routledge.
  • Yamabe Nobuyoshi. 1997. "The idea of dhātu-vāda in Yogacara and Tathāgatagarbha texts." Pruning the Bodhi Tree: The Storm over Critical Buddhism. Edited by Jamie Hubbard and Paul L. Swanson. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press: 193-204,208-219.
  • Yamaguchi Susumu, ed. 1934. Madhyāntavibhāgaṭīkā. Nagoya: Librairie Hajinkaku.

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  1. A concise introduction to this doctrine, and the Mahāyāna sūtras to which it is related, may be found in Williams 1989, Chapter 5
  2. When referring to both the verse-text and the prose commentary together, I will use the abbreviation MSA/Bh. By the term "the text" I mean the MSA and the MSABh taken together, by "the verse-text" I mean the MSA, and by "the commentary" I mean the MSABh. Throughout this paper, for the Sanskrit I will quote from Lévi’s edition of the MSA/Bh (1907); I have also consulted the editions of Bagchi (1970; based on Lévi’s edition) and Funahashi (1985; select chapters based on mss. from Nepal). All translations are my own. The Tibetan canon contains the following relevant works: the MSA (verse-text): DT 4020; the MSA/Bh (verse-text along with prose commentary): DT 4026; the MSAVBh (Sthiramati’s subcommentary to the text): DT 4034; and the MSAT (Asvabhāva’s subcommentary to the text): DT 4029. The MSA/Bh also appears in the Chinese canon (Taisho 1604), although with some differences from the Sanskrit version; on this, see Nagao 1961: vi.
  3. The colophon of the Derge edition of the MSA states that the verse-text was composed by Maitreya. Bu ston (1290-1364) includes the MSA as one of the five Maitreya texts; see Obermiller 1987: 53-54. Ui (1928: 221) identifies a Chinese tradition of the “five treatises of Maitreya,” which differs from the Tibetan list of texts, but which also includes the MSA. Xuanzang (seventh century CE) writes that Asanga received the MSA and other texts from Maitreya; see Beal 1906, vol. 1: 226.
  4. My working hypothesis is that earlier strata of the MSA were compiled, redacted, added to, and commented upon by one person, and I take the result of this process to be the received text of the MSA/Bh. An extended introduction to the MSA/Bh — its editions and translations, structure and contents, authorship, date, and relation to a larger corpus of texts — may be found in Chapter 2 of my PhD dissertation (D’Amato 2000).

gotra - Disposition, lineage, or class; an individual's gotra determines the type of enlightenment one is destined to attain. Skt. गोत्र Tib. རིགས་ Ch. 鍾姓,種性

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gotra - Disposition, lineage, or class; an individual's gotra determines the type of enlightenment one is destined to attain. Skt. गोत्र Tib. རིགས་ Ch. 鍾姓,種性

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Mahāyāna - Mahāyāna, or the Great Vehicle, refers to the system of Buddhist thought and practice which developed around the beginning of Common Era, focusing on the pursuit of the state of full enlightenment of the Buddha through the realization of the wisdom of emptiness and the cultivation of compassion. Skt. महायान Tib. ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོ། Ch. 大乘

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Hīnayāna - The mainstream teachings and the early schools of Buddhism which primarily taught individual liberation through practice-focused renunciation and monasticism, considered lesser than the later movement of the Greater Vehicle (Mahāyāna), which professed enlightenment for all sentient beings and promoted compassion. Skt. हीनयान Tib. ཐེག་དམན། Ch. 小乘

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Yogācāra - Along with Madhyamaka, it was one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Asaṅga and Vasubandhu around the fourth century CE, many of its central tenets have roots in the Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra and the so-called third turning of the dharma wheel (see tridharmacakrapravartana). Skt. योगाचार Tib. རྣལ་འབྱོར་སྤྱོད་པ་ Ch. 瑜伽行派

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tathāgatagarbha - Buddha-nature, literally the "womb/essence of those who have gone (to suchness)." Skt. तथागतगर्भ Tib. དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་སྙིང་པོ་ Ch. 如来藏

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sūtra - Sūtras mainly refer to the discourses delivered by the Buddha and his disciples, and the Sūtra corpus is one of the three main sets of teachings which form the Buddhist canon. Skt. सूत्र Tib. མདོ། Ch. 佛经

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gotra - Disposition, lineage, or class; an individual's gotra determines the type of enlightenment one is destined to attain. Skt. गोत्र Tib. རིགས་ Ch. 鍾姓,種性

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gotra - Disposition, lineage, or class; an individual's gotra determines the type of enlightenment one is destined to attain. Skt. गोत्र Tib. རིགས་ Ch. 鍾姓,種性

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Prajñāpāramitā - A class of Mahāyāna sūtras which represents some of the earliest known literature of this genre of Buddhism. There are around forty texts associated with this category, though the most widespread is the exceedingly brief Prajñāpāramitāhṛdayasūtra, popularly known as the Heart Sūtra. This class of literature is typically associated with the second turning of the dharma wheel and especially with the teachings on emptiness (śūnyatā). As such, these texts were the primary scriptural source for the philosophy of the Madhyamaka school. Skt. प्रज्ञापारमिता Tib. ཤེས་རབ་ཀྱི་ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ་,ཤེར་ཕྱིན་ Ch. 般若波羅蜜多

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These are the root verses of the Uttaratantra attributed to Maitreya by the Tibetan tradition.

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dhātu - A fundamental component or essential constituent. Skt. धातु Tib. ཁམས་ Ch. 界

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bodhi - Enlightenment or awakening. In Tibetan it is translated as "purified" (byang) and "perfected" (chub), which corresponds to Siddhartha Gautama's achievement of purifying all obscurations and perfecting or attaining all qualities associated with a buddha. Skt. बोधि Tib. བྱང་ཆུབ་ Ch. 菩提,悟,覺

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Madhyamaka - Along with Yogācāra, it is one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Nāgārjuna around the second century CE, it is rooted in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras, though its initial exposition was presented in Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā. Skt. मध्यमक Tib. དབུ་མ་ Ch. 中觀見

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gzhan stong - The state of being devoid of that which is wholly different rather than being void of its own nature. The term is generally used to refer to the ultimate, or buddha-nature, being empty of other phenomena such as adventitious defiling emotions but not empty of its true nature. Tib. གཞན་སྟོང་

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rang stong - The state of being empty of self, which references the lack of inherent existence in relative phenomena. Tib. རང་སྟོང་

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prabhāsvaratā - In a general sense, that which clears away darkness, though it often appears in Buddhist literature in reference to the mind or its nature. It is a particularly salient feature of Tantric literature, especially in regard to the advanced meditation techniques of the completion-stage yogas. Skt. प्रभास्वर Tib. འོད་གསལ་ Ch. 光明

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MSABh - Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkārabhāṣya

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