Chi-tsang’s Ta-ch’eng-hsüan-lun: The Two Truths and the Buddha Nature

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• Acknowledgmentsii
• I Introduction1
• II. The Structure and Meaning of the Two Truths14
  • A. The Theoretical Structure14
    • 1. Principle and Teaching: The Two Truths as Teachings15
    • 2. The Context of Truth26
    • 3. The Initial Thesis and the Four Levels of Two Truths33
  • B. The Identity of Emptiness and Existence: Terms and Concepts53
    • 1. The Identity of the Two Truths54
    • 2. The Four Categories of Interpretation62
    • 3. Provisional and Middle: Interdependency, Principle and Teaching68
  • C. The Essence and Function of the Two Truths85
    • 1. The Liang Theories94
    • 2. The Three Kinds of Middle Path101
• III. The Practice of Insight into the Two Truths113
  • A. Introduction113
    • 1. Theory and Practice121
    • 2. Prajñā and Upāya129
  • B. The Dharmas as Objects-of-Cognition137
    • 1. True Dharma138
    • 2. The True Mark of the Dharmas and the True Dharma145
    • 3. The Non-duality of Subject and Object, Cause and Result154
  • C. The Concurrent Insight of the Two Truths and the Two Knowledges165
• IV. The Theory and the Practice of the Buddha-nature186
  • A. Introduction: Chi-tsang and the Nirvāṇa-sūtra186
  • B. The Buddha-nature of the Middle Path200
    • 1. The Buddha-nature Theories of the North-South Period201
    • 2. The Buddha-nature of Neither Cause nor Result209
    • 3. The Buddha-nature of Non-sentient Objects217
  • C. The Five Kinds of Buddha-nature231
    • 1. Textual and Historical Development231
    • 2. The Ekayāna and the Buddha-nature244
    • 3. The Two Knowledges and the Perception of the Buddha-nature255
• Appendix I: The Meaning of the Two Truths269
• Appendix II: The Meaning of Buddha-nature357
• Notes419
• Selected Bibliography443

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prajñā - One of the key terms for wisdom or knowledge, most often having the sense of insight, transcendent knowledge, or perhaps gnosis. In some contexts it can also refer to cognition or intellectual understanding. Skt. प्रज्ञा Tib. ཤེས་རབ་ Ch. 般若

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sūtra - Sūtras mainly refer to the discourses delivered by the Buddha and his disciples, and the Sūtra corpus is one of the three main sets of teachings which form the Buddhist canon. Skt. सूत्र Tib. མདོ། Ch. 佛经

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ekayāna - The notion that ultimately there is only one vehicle, or means, of achieving enlightenment. Skt. एकयान Tib. ཐེག་པ་གཅིག་པ་ Ch. 一乘

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Yogācāra - Along with Madhyamaka, it was one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Asaṅga and Vasubandhu around the fourth century CE, many of its central tenets have roots in the Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra and the so-called third turning of the dharma wheel (see tridharmacakrapravartana). Skt. योगाचार Tib. རྣལ་འབྱོར་སྤྱོད་པ་ Ch. 瑜伽行派

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Madhyamaka - Along with Yogācāra, it is one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Nāgārjuna around the second century CE, it is rooted in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras, though its initial exposition was presented in Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā. Skt. मध्यमक Tib. དབུ་མ་ Ch. 中觀見

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gzhan stong - The state of being devoid of that which is wholly different rather than being void of its own nature. The term is generally used to refer to the ultimate, or buddha-nature, being empty of other phenomena such as adventitious defiling emotions but not empty of its true nature. Tib. གཞན་སྟོང་

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rang stong - The state of being empty of self, which references the lack of inherent existence in relative phenomena. Tib. རང་སྟོང་

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tathāgatagarbha - Buddha-nature, literally the "womb/essence of those who have gone (to suchness)." Skt. तथागतगर्भ Tib. དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་སྙིང་པོ་ Ch. 如来藏

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prabhāsvaratā - In a general sense, that which clears away darkness, though it often appears in Buddhist literature in reference to the mind or its nature. It is a particularly salient feature of Tantric literature, especially in regard to the advanced meditation techniques of the completion-stage yogas. Skt. प्रभास्वर Tib. འོད་གསལ་ Ch. 光明

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gotra - Disposition, lineage, or class; an individual's gotra determines the type of enlightenment one is destined to attain. Skt. गोत्र Tib. རིགས་ Ch. 鍾姓,種性

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