The Philosophy of Buddhism

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Introduction1
A. The teaching of the Buddha5
- AA. The Buddha (ca. 560-480 B.C.E.)5
- AB. The proclamation of the Buddha5
  - ABA. The sermon of Benares (Dharmacakrapravartanasūtra)6
  - ABB. The Buddhist path of liberation8
    - ABB.1. From the "Kandaraka Sutta" (Majjhima Nikāya 51)8
- AC. Questions which the Buddha did not answer10
  - ACA. Ānanda [Saṃyutta Nikāya 44, 10]10
  - ACB. The Sūtra of Vatsagotra and the Fire (Aggivacchagottasuttanta)
    [Majjhimanikāya Sutta 72]11
  - ACC. The Sūtra of the Bearer of the Burden (Bhārahārasūtra)15
- AD. The tenet of dependent origination16
  - ADA. The Account of Enlightenment (Bodhikathā; Mahāvagga I, 1)17
  - ADB. The Great Sūtra of the Foundations of Origination
    (Mahānidānsuttanta; Dıghanikāya XV)18
  - ADC. The Sūtra of Dependent Origination (Pratītyasamutpādasūtra)24
  - ADD. From Vasubandhu’s "Commentary to the Sūtra of Dependent
    Origination" (Pratītyasamutpādavyākhyā)26
  - ADE. The Sūtra of the young Rice plant (Śālistambasūtra)29
B. The Dogmatics (Abhidharma) of the Hīnayāna36
- BA. The rise of the Buddhist Schools36
- BB. The principal philosophical doctrines of the Sarvāstivāda37
  - BBA. The principal philosophical thoughts37
    - BBA.1. The denial of a soul, of a self37
      - BBA.1.1. From "The Questions of Menandros"(Milindapañhā)39
      - BBA.1.2. Vasubandhu the Younger (ca. 400-480 C.E.)46
        BBA.1.2.1. A soul does not exist (Abhidharmakośa III,
        v. 18-24)47
        
        BBA.1.2.2. From "Refutation of the Person"
        (Pudgalapratiṣedhaprakaraṇa)52
    - BBA.2. General views associated with the doctrine of
      the denial of a soul58
      - BBA.2.1. First general view: All entities lack a solid permanent
        core58
      - BBA.2.1.1. (A) Discussion of this first general view in the field
        of material elements59
      - BBA.2.1.2. (B) Discussion of this first general view in the field
        of psychology60
      - BBA.2.1.3. A substance does not exist (Abhidharmakośa III,
        ad v. 100)61
      - BBA.2.2. Second general view: The momentariness of all things62
        BBA.2.2.1. The momentariness of entities (Abhidharmakośa
        IV, v. 2-3)64
  - BBB. The fundamental concepts67
    - BBB.1. The Dogmatics of the Sarvāstivāda67
      - BBB.1.1. From the "Treatise on the Five Aggregates"
        (Pañcaskandhaka)68
    - BBB.2. The Dogmatics of the Sautrāntika73
      - BBB.2.1. The seemingly and the truly real (Abhidharmakośa VI,
        verse 4)75
      - BBB.2.2. The nature of acquisition (Abhidharmakośa, II,
        verse 36)76
  - BBC. The doctrine of liberation of the Hīnayāna78
    - BBC.1. Suppression through knowledge (Abhidharmakośa, I,
      verse 6)81
    - BBC.2. Nirvāṇa as non-existence (Abhidharmakośa II, verse 55)82
    - BBC.3. From "Establishment of the Truth" (Tattvasiddhi)84
C. The schools of the Mahāyāna89
- CA. Main elements in the development of the Mahāyāna89
  - CAA. The new goal of liberation89
  - CAB. The philosophical doctrine of a highest being and of the
    unreality of the phenomenal world89
  - CAC. The new buddhology90
- CB. The beginnings of the Mahāyāna90
- CC. The oldest literary documentation of the Mahāyāna91
  - CCA. The Prajñāpāramitā literature and its philosophical doctrines91
    - CCA.1. Central philosophical thought: the concept of a highest
      being92
    - CCA.2. The unreality of the phenomenal world and its relationship
      to the highest being93
    - CCA.3. From the "Perfection of Insight in Eight Thousand Lines"
      (Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā)94
  - CCB. From the "Jewel Heap" (Ratnakūṭa)102
- CD. The Madhyamaka school106
  - CDA. Nāgārjuna (ca. 200 C.E.)106
    - CDA.1. The works of Nāgārjuna106
    - CDA.2. The philosophical system of Nāgārjuna106
      - CDA.2.1. The unreality of the external world106
        CDA.2.1.1. The phenomenal world as dependent
                          origination107
        
        CDA.2.1.2. The relativity of opposing terms and the
                          middle way107
        
        CDA.2.1.3. Nāgārjuna's concept of intrinsic nature
                          (svabhāva) and the emptiness of the phenomenal
                          world108
        
        CDA.2.1.4. The highest and the restricted truth109
        
        CDA.2.1.5. The nature of the phenomenal world is
                          diversity (prapañca)109
      - CDA.2.2. The highest reality109
        CDA.2.2.1. Distinction from the phenomenal world: free
        from diversity, extinction, peace, etc.109
        
        CDA.2.2.2. Identity in nature of the phenomenal world
        and nirvāṇa109
      - CDA.2.3. Doctrine of liberation110
    - CDA.3. Introduction to sections of the Madhyamakakārikā110
      - CDA.3.1. Chapter I: Examination of causes (Pratyaya-parīkṣā)110
    - CDA.4. From the "Mnemonic Verses of the Middle Doctrine"
      (Madhyamakārikā)112
      - CDA.4.1. Chapter 15: Examination of intrinsic nature
        (svabhāva-parīkṣā)114
      - CDA.4.2. Chapter 18: Examination of the self (ātma-parīkṣā)116
      - CDA.4.3. Chapter 24: Examination of the noble truths (ārya-
        satya-parīkṣā)118
      - CDA.4.4. Chapter 25: Examination of nirvāṇa
        (nirvāṇa-parīkṣā)123
    - CDA.5. Introduction to sections of the Vigrahavyāvartanī126
    - CDA.6. From the "The Quarrel (equals) Averting"
      (Vigrahavyāvartanı)127
    - CDA.7. Introduction to the sections of the Ratnāvalī130
    - CDA.8. From the "Garland of Jewels" (Ratnāvalī)133
  - CDB. Āryadeva (Beginning of 3rd century C.E.)139
    - CDB.1. Introduction to the sample from the Catuḥśataka139
    - CDB.2. From the "Treatise in Four Hundred Stanzas"(Catuḥśataka)140
  - CDC. Buddhapālita (ca. 5th century C.E)142
    - CDC.1. Introduction to the sample from the Mūlamadhyamakavṛtti142
    - CDC.2. From the "Commentary to the Mnemonic Verses of the Middle Doctrine" (Mūlamadhyamakavṛtti)142
  - CDD. Bhāvaviveka (middle of 6th century C.E.)144
    - CDD.1. Introduction to sample from the Prajñāpradīpa144
    - CDD.2. From the "Shining Light of Insight"145
    - CDD.3. From the "Jewel in the Hand" (Tchang tchen) (T 1578, pp. 276a3-377b11)149
  - CDE. Candrakīrti (7th century C.E.)154
    - CDE.1. The works of Candrakīrti154
    - CDE.2. Introduction to the sample from the Prasannapadā154
    - CDE.3. From the "Clearly Worded" (Prasannapadā)155
    - CDE.4. Introduction to the sample from the Madhyamakāvatāra157
    - CDE.5. From the "Introduction to the Madhyamaka Doctrine" (Madhyamakāvatāra)159
- CE. The school of Sāramati164
  - CEA. Sāramati (ca. 250 C.E.)164
    - CEA.1. From the "Elucidation of the Seed of the (Three) Jewels" (Ratnagotravibhāga)165
- CF. The school of the Yogācāra171
  - CFA. The beginnings of the Yogācāra school: the Yogācārabhūmiśāstra171
    - CFA.1. The divisions of reality (sections 1-8)171
    - CFA.2. The determination of the nature of reality: non-duality & the middle way & the constitution of the nature of reality (sections 9-13)172
    - CFA.3. The proof of the unreality of the phenomenal world {section 14)173
    - CFA.4. The 2 proofs of the unreality of the designations (sections 15-16)174
    - CFA.5. The 2 errors & the false and correct view of reality (sections 17-19)174
    - CFA.6. From the "Stage of the Bodhisattva (Bodhisattvabhūmi)175
  - CFB. The Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra180
    - CFB.1. The doctrine of the threefold nature of things in Chapt. VI180
    - CFB.2. The doctrine of the threefold essencelessness of entities in chapt. VII and its relation to the doctrine of the Prajñāpāramitā and of the Mādhyamikas182
    - CFB.3. From the "Elucidation of the Secret Meaning" (Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra)183
  - CFC. Maitreyanātha (ca. 300 C.E.)191
    - CFC.1. The works of Maitreyanātha191
    - CFC.2. The first philosophical system of the Yogācāra: the doctrine of Maitreyanātha192
      - CFC.2.1. The highest being as the center of the system192
      - CFC.2.2. The highest being and the phenomenal world193
      - CFC.2.3. The false conception and the deception of the phenomenal world, etc.193
      - CFC.2.4. The doctrine of liberation194
        CFC.2.4.1. Non-conceptual knowledge and liberation194
        
        CFC.2.4.2. Buddhology and the highest being195
      - CFC.2.5. The doctrine of Maitreyanātha and the Madhyamaka doctrine196
    - CFC.3. Introduction to the samples from the Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra196
      - CFC.3.1. From the "Ornament of the Sūtras of the Mahāyāna"

(Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra)200

- - - CFC.4. Introduction to samples from the Madhyāntavibhāga207
    - CFC.5. From the "Elucidation of the Middle and of the Extremes" (Madhyantavibhāga)210
  - CFD. Asaṅga (ca. 315-390 C.E.)213
    - CFD.1. The works of Asaṅga213
    - CFD.2. The philosophical system of Asaṅga214
      - CFD.2.1. Adoption of old concepts and development of new psychological concepts214
      - CFD.2.2. The appearance of the phenomenal world: the doctrine of the three characteristics214
        CFD.2.2.1. The dependent characteristic215
        
        CFD.2.2.2. The imagined and the perfect characteristic216
      - CFD.2.3. The doctrine of liberation216
      - CFD.2.4. Asaṅga's Buddhology217
    - CFD.3. Introduction to the translated sections of the Mahāyānasaṃgraha218
    - CFD.4. From the "Summary of the Mahāyāna"(Mahāyānasaṃgraha)219
  - CFE. Vasubandhu the Elder (ca. 320-380 C.E.)231
    - CFE.1. The works of Vasubandhu the Elder and Vasubandhu the Younger231
    - CFE.2. Synopsis of the doctrines of the "Twenty Verses" and "Thirty Verses"232
      - CFE.2.1. The mental complex as three transformations of cognition232
      - CFE.2.2. The mental complex and the seeds of permeation233
      - CFE.2.3. The mental complex in relation to the phenomenal world, highest reality and other beings234
      - CFE.2.4. The doctrine of liberation235
    - CFE.3. Introduction to the Viṃśatikā Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi235
      - CFE.3.1. Chapter One: Doctrine of the unreality of the external world and answers to objections based on reasoning (verses 1-7)235
      - CFE.3.2. Chapter two: Answers to objections based on scripture (verses 8-10)236
      - CFE.3.3. Chapter three: Proof of the unreality of the external world: impossibility of the concept of an atom, etc. (verses 11-15)237
      - CFE.3.4. Chapter four: Refutation of various objections (verses 16-21)239
    - CFE.4. "Proof that (Everything) is Mere Cognizance, in Twenty Verses" (Viṃśatikā Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi)242
    - CFE.5. Introduction to the Triṃśatikā Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi253
    - CFE.6. "Proof, that (Everything) is Mere Cognizance, in Thirty Verses"254
  - CFF. Dignāga (ca. 480-540 C.E.)259
    - CFF.1. From the "Compendium of the Means of Valid Cognition" (Pramāṇasamuccaya)260
  - CFG. Sthiramati and Dharmapāla (middle of the 6th century C.E.)262
    - CFG.1. From Hiuan-tsangs "Proof that (Everything) is Mere Cognizance" (Tch'eng wei che louen)265
D. Sources and Literature271
- DA. General271
- DB. A. The doctrine of the Buddha271
  - DBA. Canonical texts (Tripiṭaka)271
  - DBB. Pratītyasamutpādasūtra272
  - DBC. Pratītyasamutpādavyākhyā272
  - DBD. Śālistambasūtra272
- DC. B. The Dogmatics of the Hīnayāna272
  - DCA. Milindapañhā272
  - DCB. Vasubandhu the Younger273
    - DCB.1. Abhidharmakośa273
    - DCB.2. Pañcaskandhaka273
  - DCC. Harivararman, Tattvasiddhi273
- DD. The Schools of the Mahāyāna273
  - DDA. 1. The Madhyamaka School273
    - DDA.1. Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā273
    - DDA.2. Ratnakūṭa (Kāśyapaparivarta)274
    - DDA.3. Nāgārjuna274
      - DDA.3.1. Madhyamakakārikā274
      - DDA.3.2. Vigrahavyāvartanıī274
      - DDA.3.3. Ratnāvalī275
    - DDA.4. Āryadeva: Catuḥśataka275
    - DDA.5. Buddhapālita, Mūlamadhyamakavṛtti275
    - DDA.6. Bhāvaviveka, Prajñāpradīpa275
    - DDA.7. Tchang tchen (Hastaratna?)275
    - DDA.8. Candrakīrti276
      - DDA.8.1. Prasannapadā276
      - DDA.8.2. Madhyamakāvatāra276
  - DDB. 2. The school of Sāramati276
    - DDB.1. Sāramati, Ratnagotravibhāga276
  - DDC. 3. The school of the Yogācāra276
    - DDC.1. Bodhisattvabhūmi276
    - DDC.2. Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra277
    - DDC.3. Maitreyanātha277
      - DDC.3.1. Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra277
      - DDC.3.2. Madhyāntavibhāga277
    - DDC.4. Asaṅga, Mahāyānasaṃgraha277
    - DDC.5. Vasubandhu277
      - DDC.5.1. Viṃśatikā277
      - DDC.5.2. Triṃśikā278
    - DDC.6. Dignāga, Pramāṇasamuccaya278
    - DDC.7. Hiuan-tsang, Tch’eng wei che louen278
E. Supplementary remarks279
- EA. General279
- EB. A. The doctrine of the Buddha280
- EC. B. The Dogmatics of the Hīnayāna280
- ED. The schools of the Mahāyāna281
  - EDA. 1. The Madhyamaka school281
  - EDB. 2. The school of Sāramati281
  - EDC. 3. The school of the Yogācāra282
Appendix I: Amalavijñāna and ālayavijñāna. A Contribution to the Epistemology of Buddhism. By Erich Frauwallner
Appendix II: Bibliography of Erich Frauwallner
Appendix III: Sources and Literature (after the fourth edition)