The Zen Master Dōgen’s Understanding of the Buddha-Nature in Light of the Historical Development of the Buddha-Nature Concept in India, China, and Japan

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• • • Preface and Acknowledgementiii
    • List of Abbreviationsviii
  • Introduction: The Nature and Purpose of the Present Study1
• Part One: The Indian Origins of the Buddha-Nature Doctrine15
  • Chapter I: The Origins of the Buddha-Nature Concept16
    • A. The Original Sanskrit Term for the Buddha-Nature17
    • B. The Origins of the Buddhadhātu Concept in the Tathāgatagarbha
           Literature22
    • C. The Ekayāna Origins of the Tathāgatagarbha and Buddhadhātu
           Concepts26
  • Chapter II: The Twofold Meaning of the Buddhadhātu38
    • A. The First Meaning: The Buddhadhātu as the "Store" of the
           Buddhadharmas39
    • B. The Second Meaning: The Buddhadhātu as the Basis (Āśraya) of the
           Buddhadharmas48
    • C. Tathatā and the Non-Origination of Discrimination51
    • D. Cittaprakṛti and Non-Origination59
    • E. The Buddhadhātu as the Realm of the Buddha's Wisdom61
    • F. The Positive Character of the Buddhadhātu66
  • Chapter III: The Amalgamation of the Tathāgatagarbha and Buddhadhātu
    Concepts with Yogācārin Teachings76
    • A. Evidence of Yogācārin-Tathāgatagarbha Syncretism76
    • B. Differences Within the Yogācārin School81
    • C. The Positive Evaluation of the Absolute in Both Yogācārin and
           Tathāgatagarbha Texts: Something "Left Over" in Emptiness85
    • D. The Buddhadhātu and Subject-Object Non-Duality89
    • E. The Tathāgatagarbha and the Three Svabhāvas100
  • Conclusion: The Central Features of the Buddhadhātu Concept in India105
• Part II: The Buddha-Nature Concept in China112
  • Chapter IV: The Introduction of the Buddha-Nature Concept to China113
    • A. The Popularity of the Buddha-Nature Concept in China113
    • B. Early Reactions to the Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra123
    • C. Chih-yi132
    • D. T'ien-t'ai and Hua-yen Disagreements over the Buddha-Nature135
  • Chapter V: The Ekayāna-Triyāna Controversy over the Buddha-Nature144
    • A. A Short History of the Controversy144
    • B. A Critical Appraisal of the Issues Involved in the Controversy154
  • Chapter VI: Ch'an Buddhist Understandings of the Buddha-Nature161
    • A. T'ang Dynasty Ch'an: The Treatment of the Buddha-Nature in its
           Scriptural Context162
    • B. Confusion and Corruption in Sung Dynasty Ch'an172
  • Conclusion: The Main Characteristics of the Buddha-Nature Theory
    in China181
• Part III: Dōgen's Understanding of the Buddha-Nature187
  • Chapter VII: The Formation of Dōgen's Understanding of the Buddha-
    Nature188
    • A. The Tendai Concept of Original Enlightenment189
    • B. Reactions Against the Idea of Original Enlightenment194
    • C. Dōgen's Dilemma and Its Subsequent Resolution198
  • Chapter VIII: Dōgen's Understanding of the Buddha-Nature208
    • A. The Basic Premise of Dōgen's Idea of the Buddha-Nature:
           What is it?209
    • B. "All-Being" and the Buddha-Nature: the Phenomenal as the
           Absolute210
    • C. "All-Being" as a Realm of Subject-Object Non-Duality213
    • D. Subject-Object Non-Duality and the Enlightenment of the
           Insentient218
    • E. Enlightenment as a Bodily Attainment220
    • F. The Dynamic Quality of All-Being221
    • G. The Buddha-Nature and Eternality223
    • H. Time and the Buddha-Nature224
  • Chapter IX: Dōgen's Understanding of Practice and the Buddha-Nature228
    • A. The Need to Practice the Buddha-Nature228
    • B. The Rejection of Stages in Practice and Striving for
           Enlightenment233
    • C. Practice as the Completed Activity of the Buddha236
    • D. Everyday Life as the Stuff of Practice240
    • E. Wrong Practice244
    • F. Practice and the Conception of Original Enlightenment248
  • Conclusion: The Significance of Dōgen's Thought Concerning the
    Buddha-Nature257
  • Appendix: An Annotated Translation of Dogen's Shōbōgenzō Busshō265
  • Bibliography323

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buddhadhātu - A synonym for tathāgatagarbha widely used throughout the East Asian Buddhist traditions, as found in its translations as the Chinese term fó xìng and Japanese term busshō. Skt. बुद्धधातु Tib. སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ཁམས་ Ch. 佛性

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tathāgatagarbha - Buddha-nature, literally the "womb/essence of those who have gone (to suchness)." Skt. तथागतगर्भ Tib. དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་སྙིང་པོ་ Ch. 如来藏

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ekayāna - The notion that ultimately there is only one vehicle, or means, of achieving enlightenment. Skt. एकयान Tib. ཐེག་པ་གཅིག་པ་ Ch. 一乘

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tathatā - Suchness itself, absolute reality, or thusness, as in the ultimate state of being of phenomena. Skt. तथता Tib. དེ་བཞིན་ཉིད་

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"This sūtra became an important scriptural source for the discussion of buddha-nature in China and is famous for associating the term buddhadhātu with tathāgatagarbha.

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triyāna - Commonly seen in a Mahāyāna context, the three vehicles are the Śrāvakayāna, Pratyekabuddhayāna, and Bodhisattvayāna, which reference the three different types of Buddhist practitioners. However, these three vehicles can also reference the three types of Buddhist teachings of the Hīnayāna, Mahāyāna (or Pāramitāyāna), and the Vajrayāna. Skt. त्रियान Tib. ཐེག་པ་གསུམ་ Ch. 三乗

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Yogācāra - Along with Madhyamaka, it was one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Asaṅga and Vasubandhu around the fourth century CE, many of its central tenets have roots in the Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra and the so-called third turning of the dharma wheel (see tridharmacakrapravartana). Skt. योगाचार Tib. རྣལ་འབྱོར་སྤྱོད་པ་ Ch. 瑜伽行派

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Madhyamaka - Along with Yogācāra, it is one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Nāgārjuna around the second century CE, it is rooted in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras, though its initial exposition was presented in Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā. Skt. मध्यमक Tib. དབུ་མ་ Ch. 中觀見

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gzhan stong - The state of being devoid of that which is wholly different rather than being void of its own nature. The term is generally used to refer to the ultimate, or buddha-nature, being empty of other phenomena such as adventitious defiling emotions but not empty of its true nature. Tib. གཞན་སྟོང་

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rang stong - The state of being empty of self, which references the lack of inherent existence in relative phenomena. Tib. རང་སྟོང་

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prabhāsvaratā - In a general sense, that which clears away darkness, though it often appears in Buddhist literature in reference to the mind or its nature. It is a particularly salient feature of Tantric literature, especially in regard to the advanced meditation techniques of the completion-stage yogas. Skt. प्रभास्वर Tib. འོད་གསལ་ Ch. 光明

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gotra - Disposition, lineage, or class; an individual's gotra determines the type of enlightenment one is destined to attain. Skt. गोत्र Tib. རིགས་ Ch. 鍾姓,種性

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