This is the story of fifth century CE India, when the Yogacarin Buddhists tested the awareness of unawareness, and became aware of human unawareness to an extraordinary degree. They not only explicitly differentiated this dimension of mental processes from conscious cognitive processes, but also offered reasoned arguments on behalf of this dimension of mind. This is the concept of the 'Buddhist unconscious', which arose just as philosophical discourse in other circles was fiercely debating the limits of conscious awareness, and these ideas in turn had developed as a systematisation of teachings from the Buddha himself. For us in the twenty-first century, these teachings connect in fascinating ways to the Western conceptions of the 'cognitive unconscious' which have been elaborated in the work of Jung and Freud. This important study reveals how the Buddhist unconscious illuminates and draws out aspects of current western thinking on the unconscious mind. One of the most intriguing connections is the idea that there is in fact no substantial 'self' underlying all mental activity; 'the thoughts themselves are the thinker'. William S. Waldron considers the implications of this radical notion, which, despite only recently gaining plausibility, was in fact first posited 2,500 years ago. (Source: Routledge)
Citation
Waldron, William S. The Buddhist Unconscious: The Ālaya-Vijñāna in the Context of Indian Buddhist Thought. Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003. http://abhidharma.ru/A/Raznoe/0061.pdf.
Prefacexi
Acknowledgmentsxv
Thematic introduction: a Buddhist critique of the construction of self and world1
PART I The background and context of the ālaya-vijñāna7
1 The early Buddhist background9
The three marks of existence9
The formula of dependent arising11
Causation and continuity without a self16
Viññāṇa in the formula of dependent arising19
Viññāṇa as consciousness21
Viññāṇa as cognitive awareness28
The underlying tendencies (anusaya)33
The underlying tendency "I am" and conceptual proliferation (papañca)36
The debate over latent versus manifest39
Reciprocal causality between the two aspects of viññāṇa41
2 The Abhidharma context46
The Abhidharma project and its problematic46
Background of the Abhidharma47
The aim and methods of Abhidharma: dharma as irreducible unit of experience50
The basic problematic: two levels of discourse, two dimensions of mind55
Analysis of mind and its mental factors57
The initial formulation of the problematic in its synchronic dimension: the accumulation of karmic potential, the presence of the underlying tendencies, and their gradual purification in the Kathāvatthu59
The problematic in its diachronic dimension: immediate succession versus the continuity of karmic potential62
The persistence of traditional continuities: karma and kleśa in the Abhidharma-kośa67
Abhidharmic responses to the problematic70
The Sarvāstivādin theory of possession (prāpti)72
The Sautrāntika theory of seeds (bīja) in the mental stream (santāna)73
Questions raised by consciousness, seeds, and the mental stream76
The Theravadin theory of life-constituent mind (bhavaṅga-citta)81
Conclusion85
PART II The ālaya-vijñāna in the Yogācāra tradition89
3 The ālaya-vijñana in the early tradition91
The origins of the ālaya-vijñāna91
The new model of mind in the Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra94
The ālaya-vijñāna as mental stream99
The Ālaya Treatise of the Yogācārabhūmi101
The Proof Portion102
The Alaya Treatise, Pravṛtti Portion: analyzing the ālaya-vijñāna in Abhidharmic terms107
The ālaya-vijñāna's subliminal objective supports and cognitive processes109
The ālaya-vijñāna's mutual and simultaneous relationship with manifest cognitive awareness (pravṛtti-vijñāna)112
The ālaya-vijñāna's simultaneous arising with (afflictive) mentation117
The Ālaya Treatise, Nivṛtti Portion: equating the ālaya-vijñāna with saṃsāric continuity123
Conclusion127
4 The ālaya-vijñāna in the Mahāyāna-saṃgraha
1. bringing it all back home128
Appropriating the traditional Buddhist framework129
Synonyms of the ālaya-vijñāna in the disciple’s vehicle130
The two vijñanas and the two dependent arisings131
Seeding the ālaya-vijñāna: the karmic process as simultaneous intrapsychic causality135
Resolving the Abhidharmic Problematic139
Karma, rebirth, and the ālaya-vijñāna140
The continuity of the afflictions (kleśa)142
The path of purification: mundane and supramundane150
Beyond Abhidharma: adventitious defilements, pure seeds, and luminous minds153
5 The ālaya-vijñāna in the Mahāyāna-saṃgraha
2. looking beyond158
The predispositions of speech, self-view, and the life-constituents159
Common experience, common embodiment: language, the ālaya-vijñana, and "the arising of the world"160
PART III Appendices171
Appendix I The series of dependent arising: affliction, action, and their results173
Appendix II Index of related controversies175
Appendix III Translation: the Pravṛtti and Nivṛtti Portions of the Viniścayasaṃgrahaṇī of the Yogācārabhūmi178