Difference between revisions of "Glossary"

Revision as of 12:10, 1 May 2018

'jog sgom Skt. स्थाप्यभावना Tib. འཇོག་སྒོམ་

Tibetan · Noun

Basic Meaning: 'jog sgom - This is the meditation of directly observing the mind without engaging in any analytical or intellectual activity. (Thrangu Rinpoche, Transcending Ego, 102). Skt. स्थाप्यभावना Tib. འཇོག་སྒོམ་

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AA

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: AA - Abhisamayālaṃkāra

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AAvivṛti

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: AAvivṛti - Abhisamayālaṃkāravivṛti

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AAvṛtti

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: AAvṛtti - Abhisamayālaṃkāravṛtti

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AAĀ

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: AAĀ - Abhisamayālaṃkārālokā

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abhidharma Skt. अभिधर्म Tib. ཆོས་མངོན་པ། Ch. 阿毗达磨

Sanskrit · Noun

Basic Meaning: abhidharma - Abhidharma generally refers to the corpus of Buddhist texts which deals with the typological, phenomenological, metaphysical, and epistemological presentation of Buddhist concepts and teachings. The abhidharma teachings present a meta-knowledge of Buddhist sūtras through analytical and systemic schemas and are said to focus on developing wisdom among the three principles of training. The Abhidharma is presented alongside Sūtra and Vinaya as one of the three baskets of the teachings of the Buddha. Skt. अभिधर्म Tib. ཆོས་མངོན་པ། Ch. 阿毗达磨

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actualized enlightenment Ch. 始覺

Chinese · Noun

Basic Meaning: actualized enlightenment - Actualized enlightenment is enlightenment that is attained through practice. It is contrasted with original enlightenment, which is the mind's innate purity in its natural state. Ultimately, there is no difference between them. Because of the presence of ignorance, sentient beings are blind to their true nature. By removing that ignorance, one actualizes enlightenment. Ch. 始覺

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advaya Skt. अद्वय Tib. གཉིས་མེད་ Ch. 不二

Sanskrit · Adjective

Basic Meaning: advaya - Literally, "without duality," it refers to that which is indivisible, in that it is not divided into two. Skt. अद्वय Tib. གཉིས་མེད་ Ch. 不二

Has the sense of:

See page 20 - 21: In Sanskrit, “nonduality”; one of the common synonyms for the highest teachings of Buddhism and one of the foundational principles of the Mahāyāna presentation of doctrine. Nonduality refers to the definitive awareness achieved through enlightenment, which transcends all of the conventional dichotomies into which compounded existence is divided (right and wrong, good and evil, etc.). Most specifically, nondual knowledge (advayajñāna) transcends the subject-object bifurcation that governs all conventional States of consciousness and engenders a distinctive type of awareness that no longer requires an object of consciousness.

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AK

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: AK - Abhidharmakośakārikā

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AKBh

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: AKBh - Abhidharmakośabhāṣya

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AKVy

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: AKVy - Abhidharmakośavyākhyā

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AkṣN

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: AkṣN - Akṣayamatinirdeśasūtra

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amalavijñāna Ch. 啊摩羅識, 無垢識

Sanskrit · Noun

Basic Meaning: amalavijñāna - The ninth consciousness, the immaculate pure mind. Ch. 啊摩羅識,無垢識

Has the sense of:

See page 33: In Sanskrit, “immaculate consciousness”; a ninth level of consciousness posited in certain strands of the Yogācāra school, especially that taught by the Indian translator and exegete Paramārtha . The amalavijñāna represents the intrusion of tathāgatagarbha (womb or embryo of buddhahood) thought into the eight-consciousnesses theory of the Yogācāra school. The amalavijñāna may have antecedents in the notion of immaculate gnosis (amalajñāna) in the Ratnagotravibhāga and is claimed to be first mentioned in Sthiramati’s school of Yogācāra, to which Paramārtha belonged. The term is not attested in Sanskrit materials, however, and may be of Chinese provenance.

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AMS

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: AMS - Aṅgulimālīyasūtra

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Anuyoga Skt. अनुयोग Tib. ཨ་ནུ་ཡོ་ག

Sanskrit · School

Basic Meaning: Anuyoga - The second set of the three inner tantras and the eighth of the nine vehicles according to the Nyingma tradition. Anuyoga includes many yogini tantras and focuses on the Completion Stage practices of sacred channels, energies and essential fluids and espouses the actualisation of empty bliss. Skt. अनुयोग Tib. ཨ་ནུ་ཡོ་ག

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In Sanskrit, “subsequent yoga” or “further yoga,” the eighth of the nine vehicles (theg pa dgu) of Buddhism according to the Rnying ma sect of Tibetan Buddhism. Here, the system of practice described elsewhere as Anuttarayogatantra is divided into three: m a h ä y o g a , anuyoga, and atiyoga, with anuyoga corresponding to the practices of the “stage of completion” (nispannakrama), mahäyoga to the stage of generation (utpattikram a) and atiyoga to the great completion (rdzogs chen) and the spontaneous achievement of buddhahood. Thus, such stage of completion practices as causing the winds ( p r ä n a ) to move through the channels (nädI) to the cakras are set forth in anuyoga. In Rnying ma, anuyoga is also a category of texts in the Rnying ma’i rgyud ’bum, divided under the following headings: the four root sütras (rtsa ba’i mdo bzhi), the six tantras clarifying the six limits (mtha’ drug gsal bar byed p a i rgyud drug), the twelve rare tantras (dkon rgyud bcu gnyis), and the seventy written scriptures (lung gi yi ge bdun bcu).

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anātman Skt. अनात्मन् Tib. བདག་མེད་པ་ Ch. 无我

Sanskrit · Noun

Basic Meaning: anātman - The nonexistence of the self as a permanent, unchanging entity. Skt. अनात्मन् Tib. བདག་མེད་པ་ Ch. 无我

Has the sense of:

See page 42: In Sanskrit, “no self” or “nonself” or more broadly “insubstantiality”; the third of the “three marks” (trilakṣaṇa) of existence, along with impermanence (anitya) and suffering (duḥkha). The concept is one of the key insights of the Buddha, and it is foundational to the Buddhist analysis of the compounded quality (samskrta) of existence: since all compounded things are the fruition (phala) of a specific set of causes (hetu) and conditions (pratyaya), they are therefore absent of any perduring substratum of being.

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AOH

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: AOH - Acta Orientalia (Budapest)

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AP

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: AP - Asian Philosophy

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arhat Skt. अर्हत् Tib. དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ། Ch. 阿羅漢

Sanskrit · Noun

Basic Meaning: arhat - A person who has reached nirvāṇa by eliminating the three poisons of attachment, hatred and ignorance having followed the path of seeking individual liberation as a Śrāvaka or a Pratyekabuddha. An arhat, thus, is a person who has overcome the cause of rebirth in the cycle of existence and will not take an ordinary birth again. Skt. अर्हत् Tib. དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ། Ch. 阿羅漢

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(P. arahant; T. dgra bcom pa; C. aluohan/yinggong; J. arakan/ögu; K. arahan/ünggong PījBiSI/JøSffi). In Sanskrit, “worthy one”; one who has destroyed the afflictions (kleśa) and all causes for future rebirth and who thus will enter nirväna at death; the Standard Tibetan translation dgra bcom pa (drachompa) (“foe-destroyer”) is based on the paronomastic gloss ari (“enemy”) and han (“to destroy”). The arhat is the highest of the four grades of Buddhist saint or “noble person” (Aryapudgala) recognized in the mainstream Buddhist schools; the others are, in ascending order, the SROTAApanna or “stream- enterer” (the first and lowest grade), the sakrdAgämin or “once- returner” (the second grade), and the a n ä g ä m i n or “nonreturner” (the third and penultimate grade). The arhat is one who has completely put aside all ten fetters (samyojana) that bind one to the cycle of rebirth: namely, (1) belief in the existence of a perduring seif (satkàyadrsti); (2) skeptical doubt (about the efficacy of the path) (vicikitsA); (3) belief in the efficacy of rites and rituals (śIlavrataparàm arśa) ; (4) sensual craving (kämaräga); (3) malice (vyäpäda); (6) craving for exis tence as a divinity ( d e v a ) in the realm o f subtle materiality (rüparäga); (7) craving for existence as a divinity in the imma terial realm (Arüpyaräga); (8) pride (mAna); (9) restlessness (auddhatya); and (10) ignorance (avidyä). Also described as one who has achieved the extinction of the contaminants (Asravaksaya), the arhat is one who has attained nirväna in this life, and at death attains final liberation (parinirvàna) and will never again be subject to rebirth. Although the arhat is regarded as the ideal spiritual type in the mainstream Buddhist traditions, where the Buddha is also described as an arhat, in the MahAyäna the attainment of an arhat pales before the far- superior achievements of a buddha. Although arhats also achieve enlightenment ( b o d h i ) , the Mahâyäna tradition pre- sumes that they have overcome only the first of the two kinds of obstructions, the afflictive obstructions (kleśAvarana), but are still subject to the noetic obstructions (jńeyàvarana); only the buddhas have completely overcome both and thus realize complete, perfect enlightenment (anuttarasamyaksambodhi). Certain arhats were selected by the Buddha to remain in the world until the coming of M aitreya. These arhats (called LUOHAN in Chinese, a transcription of arhat), who typically numbered sixteen (see sodaśasthavira), were objects of specific devotion in East Asian Buddhism, and East Asian monasteries will often contain a separate shrine to these luohans. Although in the Mahāyāna sūtras, the bodhisattva is extolled over the arhats, arhats figure prominendy in these texts, very often as members of the assembly for the Buddha’s discourse and sometimes as key figures. For example, in the SaddharmapundarIkasütra (“Lotus Sütra”), Śàriputra is one of the Buddha’s chief interlocutors and, with other arhats, receives a prophecy of his future buddha hood; in the V ajracchedikàprajñApAramitAsūtra, S ubhüti is the Buddha’s chief interlocutor; and in the VimalakIrtinirdeśa, Säriputra is made to play the fool in a conversation with a goddess.

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ARIRIAB

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: ARIRIAB - Annual Report of The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University

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AS

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: AS - Asiatische Studien

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Atiyoga Skt. अतियोग Tib. ཨ་ཏི་ཡོ་ག, ཤིན་ཏུ་རྣལ་འབྱོར།

Sanskrit · School

Basic Meaning: Atiyoga - A system of esoteric thought and practice associated with the Nyingma tradition and equivalent to Great Perfection, it is considered as the pinnacle of the nine vehicles or paths one can follow to reach Buddhahood. The system focusses on the pure, luminous and empty nature of the mind as the ground reality which must be realised through the path of trekchö and thögal practice. Skt. अतियोग Tib. ཨ་ཏི་ཡོ་ག,ཤིན་ཏུ་རྣལ་འབྱོར།

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In Sanskrit, “sur- passing yoga”; the ninth and most advanced of the nine vehicles according to the Rnying ma sect of Tibetan Buddhism. Here, the system of practice described elsewhere as anuttarayo- GATANTRA is divided into three: mahäyoga, anuyoga, and atiyoga, with atiyoga referring to the practice of the great com- pletion (rdzogs chen) in which all the phenomena of samsära and nirvAna appear as the sport ofself-arisen wisdom.

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AU

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: AU - Amṛtakaṇikodyotanibandha

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avidyā Skt. अविद्या Tib. མ་རིག་པ་ Ch. 無明

Sanskrit · Noun

Basic Meaning: avidyā - Literally "unknowing," it refers to a lack of knowledge or misunderstanding of the nature of reality. As such, it is considered to be the root cause of suffering and the basis for the arising of all other negative mental factors. Skt. अविद्या Tib. མ་རིག་པ་ Ch. 無明

Has the sense of:

See page 86: In Sanskrit, “ignorance”; the root cause of suffering (duḥkha) and one of the key terms in Buddhism. Ignorance occurs in many contexts in Buddhist doctrine. For example, ignorance is the first link in the twelvefold chain of dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda) that sustains the cycle of birth and death (saṃsāra); it is the condition that creates the predispositions (saṃskāra) that lead to rebirth and thus inevitably to old age and death. Ignorance is also listed as one of the root afflictions (S. mūlakleśa) and the ten “fetters” (saṃyojana) that keep beings bound to samsāra. Avidyā is closely synonymous with “delusion” (moha), one of the three unwholesome roots (akuśalamūla). When they are distinguished, moha may be more of a generic foolishness and benightedness, whereas avidyā is instead an obstinate misunderstanding about the nature of the person and the world.

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Aṣṭa

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: Aṣṭa - Aṣṭasāhasrikāprajñāpāramitā

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BA

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: BA - The Blue Annals

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BA (Tib)

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: BA (Tib) - Deb ther sngon po

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BCA

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: BCA - Bodhicaryāvatāra

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BCAP

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: BCAP - Bodhicaryāvatārapañjikā

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BCRD

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: BCRD - The Buddhist Canons Research Database a project of the American Institute of Buddhist Studies (AIBS) and the Columbia University Center for Buddhist Studies (CCBS) http://databases.aibs.columbia.edu/

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BDRC

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: BDRC - Buddhist Digital Resource Center https://www.tbrc.org/

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BEFEO

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: BEFEO - Bulletin d'École Française d'Extrême-Orient

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BhK I

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: BhK I - Bhāvanākrama I

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BHSD

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: BHSD - Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary, Vol. 2

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BHSG

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: BHSG - Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary, Vol. 1

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bhūmi Skt. भूमि Tib. ས་

Sanskrit · Noun

Basic Meaning: bhūmi - A plateau of spiritual development. Skt. भूमि Tib. ས་

Has the sense of:

See page 116: In Sanskrit, lit. “ground”; deriving from an abhidharma denotation of bhūmi as a way or path (mārga), the term is used metaphorically to denote a “stage” of training, especially in the career of the bodhisattva or, in some contexts, a śrāvaka...

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Bobh

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: Bobh - Bodhisattvabhūmi

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bodhi Skt. बोधि Tib. བྱང་ཆུབ་ Ch. 菩提, 悟, 覺

Sanskrit · Noun

Basic Meaning: bodhi - Enlightenment or awakening. In Tibetan it is translated as "purified" (byang) and "perfected" (chub), which corresponds to Siddhartha Gautama's achievement of purifying all obscurations and perfecting or attaining all qualities associated with a buddha. Skt. बोधि Tib. བྱང་ཆུབ་ Ch. 菩提,悟,覺

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bodhicitta Skt. बोधिचित्त Tib. བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས། Ch. 菩提心

Sanskrit · Noun

Basic Meaning: bodhicitta - The altruistic thought to seek enlightenment for the sake of all sentient beings. It is said to have two aspects: compassion aimed at sentient beings and their problems and the wisdom of enlightenment as the solution. Skt. बोधिचित्त Tib. བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས། Ch. 菩提心

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bodhigarbha Skt. बोधिगर्भ Tib. བྱང་ཆུབ་སྙིང་པོ་

Tibetan · Noun

Basic Meaning: bodhigarbha - An alternative term for tathāgatagarbha found in early Nyingma sources. Though it is back-translated as bodhigarbha, this term does not seem to be found in Sanskrit sources. However, in other contexts, the Tibetan byang chub snying po is often used to translate the Sanskrit term bodhimaṇḍa, which is often translated as the "seat of enlightenment." Skt. बोधिगर्भ Tib. བྱང་ཆུབ་སྙིང་པོ་

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Bodhisattva Skt. बोधिसत्त्व Tib. བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ། Ch. 菩薩

Sanskrit · Noun

Basic Meaning: Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a Bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to Buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have Bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt. बोधिसत्त्व Tib. བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ། Ch. 菩薩

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BPPB

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: BPPB - Bibliotheca Philologica et Philosophica Buddhica

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Brahman Skt. ब्रह्मन् Tib. ཚངས་པ།

Sanskrit · Noun

Basic Meaning: Brahman - Brahman is the universal principle, supreme truth or ultimate reality in the Hindu religion considered to be absolute, eternal and blissful. A metaphysical concept, it is described as the single binding unity behind the diversity of all that exists. In Buddhism, while this metaphysical principle is not presented, one finds frequent mention of the deity named Brahmā, who is the personification of this principle. Skt. ब्रह्मन् Tib. ཚངས་པ།

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BSOAS

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: BSOAS - Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

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buddhadhātu Skt. बुद्धधातु Tib. སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ཁམས་ Ch. 佛性

Sanskrit · Noun

Basic Meaning: buddhadhātu - A synonym for tathāgatagarbha widely used throughout the East Asian Buddhist traditions, as found in its translations as the Chinese term fó xìng and Japanese term busshō. Skt. बुद्धधातु Tib. སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ཁམས་ Ch. 佛性

Has the sense of:

In Sanskrit, “buddha-element,” or “buddha-nature”; the inherent potential of all sentient beings to achieve buddhahood. See page 151.

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byams chos sde lnga Tib. བྱམས་ཆོས་སྡེ་ལྔ་

Tibetan · Text

Basic Meaning: byams chos sde lnga - This refers to a series of five texts that, according to the Tibetan tradition, Asaṅga received directly from Maitreya in the pure realm of Tuṣita. Tib. བྱམས་ཆོས་སྡེ་ལྔ་

Has the sense of:

See page 159: In Tibetan, “the five books of Maitreya” said to have been presented to Asaṅga by the bodhisattva Maitreya in the Tuṣita heaven; they are the Māhayāna-sūtrālaṃkāra, Abhisamayālaṃkāra, Madhyāntavibhāga, Dharmadharmatāvibhāga, and the Ratnagotravibhāga (Uttaratantra).

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bīja Skt. बीज Tib. ས་བོན་ Ch. 無漏種

Sanskrit · Noun

Basic Meaning: bīja - A seed, commonly used figuratively in the sense of something which has the potential to develop or grow, and likewise as the basic cause for this development or growth. Skt. बीज Tib. ས་བོན་ Ch. 無漏種

Has the sense of:

See page 119: In Sanskrit, “seed,” a term used metaphorically in two important contexts: (1) in the theory of karman, an action is said to plant a “seed” or “potentiality” in the mind, where it will reside until it fructifies as a future experience or is destroyed by wisdom; (2) in tantric literature, many deities are said to have a “seed syllable” or seed mantra that is visualized and recited in liturgy and meditation in order to invoke the deity.

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CAJ

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: CAJ - Central Asiatic Journal

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Caturmudrā

· Abbreviation

Basic Meaning: Caturmudrā - Caturmudrāviniścaya

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Cittamātra Skt. चित्तमात्र Tib. སེམས་ཙམ་

Sanskrit · Noun

Basic Meaning: Cittamātra - Though it is sometimes used synonymously with Yogācāra, it is in fact one of the more prominent philosophical theories associated with this school. It asserts that the objects in the external world with which we interact are actually mentally created representations appearing as those objects. The character of these perceptions is predetermined by our own karmic conditioning that is stored in the ālayavijñāna. Skt. चित्तमात्र Tib. སེམས་ཙམ་

Has the sense of:

See page 195: In Sanskrit, lit. “mind-only”; a term used in the Laṅkāvatārasūtra to describe the notion that the external world of the senses does not exist independently of the mind and that all phenomena are mere projections of consciousness. Because this doctrine is espoused by the Yogācāra, that school is sometimes referred to as cittamātra. The doctrine is closely associated with the eight consciousness (vijñāna) theory set forth in the Viniścayasaṃgrahaṇī of the Yogācārabhūmiśāstra and in the Mahāyānasaṃgraha and Abhidharmasamuccaya that are supplemental to that work.

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