The Buddha Within (Hookham)

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|BookToc=* {{i|'''Acknowledgements'''|xiii}}
|BookToc=* {{i|'''Acknowledgements'''|xiii}}

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  • Acknowledgementsxiii


  • Yogin Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso's Spontaneous Verses on the Subject of Rangtong and Shentongxv


  • Chapter 1: General Introduction1
  • The Omnicient Dolpopa's Prayer that Unties the Vajra Word Knots5



  • Chapter 3: Emptiness from the Shentong Point of View19
  • 3.1 Progressive Stages of Meditation on Emptiness19
  • 3.2 The Final Stage–Shentong (Yogacara Madhyamaka)22
  • 3.3 No Shentong Without a Proper Understanding of Rangtong26
  • 3.4 Problems of Definitions of Terms29


  • Chapter 4: The Shentong View of Absolute Reality33
  • 4.1 Buddhajnana33
  • 4.2 Inseparable Qualities37
    • i. Inseparable Qualities of the Dharmakaya38
    • ii. The Concept of Uncompoundedness44
    • iii. Inseparability and the Spontaneous Existence of the Buddha Qualities47
  • 4.3 Buddha Activity51


  • Chapter 5: Means of Apprehending Absolute Reality57
  • 5.1 Faith57
    • i. Faith and Buddhajnana57
    • ii. Faith and Direct Experience60
    • iii. Direct Experience as Valid Cognition63
  • 5.2 Non-conceptuality (nisprapanca)65
    • i. Nisprapanca as Awareness Experienced in Meditation65
    • ii. Nisprapanca as Freedom from Extremes71
    • ii. Nisprapanca as Non-conceptuality in the RGV (1.9)73
    • ii. Nisprapanca as in the Tantras77
  • 5.3 The Two Realities and the Two Visions79
    • i. Satya79
    • ii. Paramarthasatya79
    • iii. Samvrtisatya81
    • iv. Ultimate Reality is not Dependent Arising82
    • v. Own Nature and Other Nature (Svabhava and Parabhava)82
    • vi. The Two Realities Inseparable83
    • vii. The Two Senses of Manifestation and Emptiness85
    • viii. The Importance of the Distinction85
    • ix. The Relationship Between the To Realities87
    • x. The Two Visions–Precisely What Is and the Extent of What Is (Yathavadbhavikata and Yavadbhavikata)87


  • Chapter 6: The Nature of Beings91
  • 6.1 Base, Path, and Fruit91
  • 6.2 Tathagatagarbha91
    • i. The Shentong and Rangtong Approaches Compared94
    • ii. The Term "Tathagatagarbha"99
  • 6.3 Self100
  • 6.4 Gotra104
    • i. The "Cut-off" Gotra and the Three Yanas105
    • ii. Gotra as both Cause and Emptiness108


  • Chapter 7: The Third Dharmacakra: Neyartha or Nitartha113
  • 7.1 The Third Dharmacakra113
    • i. The Three Dharmacakras113
    • ii. The Third Dharmacakra as Nitartha114
    • iii. Kongtrul's Distinction Between the Tow Kinds of Nitartha Sutra of the
      Third Dharmacakra      117
    • iv. Dolpopa's Anlaysis121
    • v. The Third Dharmacakra is Not Cittamatra122
  • 7.2 Neyartha and Nitartha124
    • i. Rangtong Explanations of Neyartha and Nitartha124
    • ii. The Terms "Neyartha" and "Nitartha"126
    • iii. The Ratnagotravibhaga—Neyartha or Nitartha?127


  • Section Two–Historical Background133


  • Chapter 8: The Shentong Tradition135
  • 8.1 The Jonangpas135
    • i. The Jonangpa Lineage135
    • ii. Some Opponents and Supporters of Shentong136
    • iii. The Mountain Dharma–Ocean of Nitartha (Ri chos nges don gya mtsho, RC)136
    • iv. Comparison With Later Shentongpas140
    • v. The Essence of the Controversy141
    • vi. Shentong is Secret Oral Instruction142
  • 8.2 Sources of Shentong143
    • i. The Tibetan Inheritance143
    • ii. Some of Dolpopa's Indian Sources of Shentong147
    • iii. Other Views on the Indian Sources of Shentong149
    • iv. The Brhattika151
    • v. Nagarjuna's Stotra and Karikas154
    • vi. How Shentong Relates to Later Developments of Buddhism in India156
    • vii. The Term "Great Madhyamaka"157
    • viii. Tantric Shentong159
  • 8.3 Kongtrul and the Rimay Tradition161
    • i. Kongtrul161
    • ii. The Rimay Tradition162


  • Chapter 9: Traditions of Interpretation of the RGV and RGVV165
  • 9.1 Introduction to the Ratnagotravibhaga and Ratnagotravibhagavyakhya and Associated Traditions.165
    • i. Authorship and Rediscovery165
    • ii. Maitreya166
    • iii. The Importance of the Maitreya-Asanga Connection167
    • iv. The RGV as a Synthesis of the Tathagatagarbha Sutras and the
      Prajnaparamita Sutras      169
    • v. The Vyakhya (RGVV)171
    • vi. Transmission to Tibet171
  • 9.2 Matters Arising from the Introduction to Kongtrul's Commentary on the
    RGV.     172
    • i. The Two Tibetan Transmission Lineages of the RGV172
    • ii. Questions Arising from Kongtrul's Commentary173
    • iii. Other Commentators Not Mentioned in the Initial Praises175
    • iv. Gampopa and the Sutra and Tantra Mahamudra176
    • v. Rangjung Dorje and the Mahamudra-Dzogchen Synthesis178


  • Section Three–A Shentong Interpretation of the RGV and RGVV and a
    Translation of Kongtrul's Introduction to His RGV Commentary    179


  • Chapter 10: A Shentong Interpretation of the RGV and RGVV–A Paraphrase
    With Comments    181
  • 10.1 The Title and its Implications 181
  • 10.2 General Introduction to the Seven Vajra Bases 182
  • 10.3 Vajra Bases 1–3: The Three Jewels 186
  • 10.4 Vajra Base 4: The Dhatu (Element)192
    • Causes and Conditions for Purification192
    • The Four Paradoxes193
    • The Three Reasons196
    • The Element Arranged in Ten Points198
    • The Nine Examples221
    • The Essence of the Doctrine229
    • The Purpose of the Instruction233
  • 10.5 Vajra Base 5: Enlightenment235
  • 10.6 Vajra Base 6: Qualities249
  • 10.7 Vajra Base 7: Activity252
  • 10.8 The Benefits260


  • Chapter 11: Translation of the Introduction to Kongtrul's RGV Commentary263


  • Chapter 12: Conclusion289


  • Appendix 1: Works by Western Scholars295


  • Appendix 2: Prakrtisunyata, Svabhavasunyata and Parabhavasunyata in Rangtong
    and Shentong Terms    299


  • Appendix 3: Further Details on the Three Svabhava and the Three Kinds of
    Emptiness as Found in the SNS    303


  • Appendix 4: The Sandhinirmocanasutra: Résumé 311


  • Appendix 5: Some Points of Comparision Between Rangtong Commentators on
    RGV    317


  • Appendix 6: The Five Dharmas of Maitreya325


  • Abbreviations327


  • Notes329


  • Conventions Used363


  • Glossary of Terms364


  • Bibliography367


  • Index397


  • Tables
  • 8.1152
  • 8.2153

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rang stong - The state of being empty of self, which references the lack of inherent existence in relative phenomena. Tib. རང་སྟོང་

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gzhan stong - The state of being devoid of that which is wholly different rather than being void of its own nature. The term is generally used to refer to the ultimate, or buddha-nature, being empty of other phenomena such as adventitious defiling emotions but not empty of its true nature. Tib. གཞན་སྟོང་

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gzhan stong - The state of being devoid of that which is wholly different rather than being void of its own nature. The term is generally used to refer to the ultimate, or buddha-nature, being empty of other phenomena such as adventitious defiling emotions but not empty of its true nature. Tib. གཞན་སྟོང་

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Madhyamaka - Along with Yogācāra, it is one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Nāgārjuna around the second century CE, it is rooted in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras, though its initial exposition was presented in Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā. Skt. मध्यमक Tib. དབུ་མ་ Ch. 中觀見

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RGV - Ratnagotravibhāga Mahāyānottaratantraśāstra

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These are the root verses of the Uttaratantra attributed to Maitreya by the Tibetan tradition.

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gotra - Disposition, lineage, or class; an individual's gotra determines the type of enlightenment one is destined to attain. Skt. गोत्र Tib. རིགས་ Ch. 鍾姓,種性

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gotra - Disposition, lineage, or class; an individual's gotra determines the type of enlightenment one is destined to attain. Skt. गोत्र Tib. རིགས་ Ch. 鍾姓,種性

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tridharmacakrapravartana - Three successive stages of the Buddhist teachings. Though they are traditionally attributed to the historical Buddha, modern scholarship tends to view them as developmental stages that occurred over the course of an extended period of time, with interludes of several centuries, in which we see major doctrinal shifts often based on seemingly newly emergent scriptural sources. Skt. त्रिधर्मचक्रप्रवर्तन Tib. ཆོས་འཁོར་རིམ་པ་གསུམ་

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RGVV - Ratnagotravibhāgavyākhyā

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According to the Tibetan tradition this is Asaṅga's commentary to the Uttaratantra.

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Mahāyānottaratantraśāstravyākhyā - This is the title of Asaṅga's commentary to the Gyü Lama that is given by Tibetan sources instead of the Ratnagotravibhāgavyākhyā. Skt. महायानोत्तरतन्त्रशास्त्रव्याख्या Tib. ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོ་རྒྱུད་བླ་མའི་བསྟན་བཅོས་རྣམ་པར་བཤད་པ།

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Prajñāpāramitā - A class of Mahāyāna sūtras which represents some of the earliest known literature of this genre of Buddhism. There are around forty texts associated with this category, though the most widespread is the exceedingly brief Prajñāpāramitāhṛdayasūtra, popularly known as the Heart Sūtra. This class of literature is typically associated with the second turning of the dharma wheel and especially with the teachings on emptiness (śūnyatā). As such, these texts were the primary scriptural source for the philosophy of the Madhyamaka school. Skt. प्रज्ञापारमिता Tib. ཤེས་རབ་ཀྱི་ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ་,ཤེར་ཕྱིན་ Ch. 般若波羅蜜多

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tantra - Tantra, when juxtaposed with Sūtra, generally refers to the scriptures and texts which discuss esoteric topics. While the term is used to refer to texts on other topics, it is mostly used to refer to the genre of scriptures and texts on themes and topics associated with Vajrayāna Buddhism. Skt. तन्त्र Tib. རྒྱུད། Ch. 密宗

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Dzogchen - Dzogchen is an advanced system of meditation techniques to reveal the innate state of perfection primarily, but not exclusively, espoused by the Nyingma Buddhist tradition and the Tibetan Bön tradition. Skt. महासन्धि Tib. རྫོགས་ཆེན།

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Yogācāra - Along with Madhyamaka, it was one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Asaṅga and Vasubandhu around the fourth century CE, many of its central tenets have roots in the Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra and the so-called third turning of the dharma wheel (see tridharmacakrapravartana). Skt. योगाचार Tib. རྣལ་འབྱོར་སྤྱོད་པ་ Ch. 瑜伽行派

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gzhan stong - The state of being devoid of that which is wholly different rather than being void of its own nature. The term is generally used to refer to the ultimate, or buddha-nature, being empty of other phenomena such as adventitious defiling emotions but not empty of its true nature. Tib. གཞན་སྟོང་

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gzhan stong - The state of being devoid of that which is wholly different rather than being void of its own nature. The term is generally used to refer to the ultimate, or buddha-nature, being empty of other phenomena such as adventitious defiling emotions but not empty of its true nature. Tib. གཞན་སྟོང་

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tathāgatagarbha - Buddha-nature, literally the "womb/essence of those who have gone (to suchness)." Skt. तथागतगर्भ Tib. དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་སྙིང་པོ་ Ch. 如来藏

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prabhāsvaratā - In a general sense, that which clears away darkness, though it often appears in Buddhist literature in reference to the mind or its nature. It is a particularly salient feature of Tantric literature, especially in regard to the advanced meditation techniques of the completion-stage yogas. Skt. प्रभास्वर Tib. འོད་གསལ་ Ch. 光明

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gotra - Disposition, lineage, or class; an individual's gotra determines the type of enlightenment one is destined to attain. Skt. गोत्र Tib. རིགས་ Ch. 鍾姓,種性

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gotra - Disposition, lineage, or class; an individual's gotra determines the type of enlightenment one is destined to attain. Skt. गोत्र Tib. རིགས་ Ch. 鍾姓,種性

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