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The Uttaratantra in the Land of Snows

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With its emphasis on the concept of buddha-nature, or the ultimate nature of mind, the Uttaratantra is a classical Buddhist treatise that lays out an early map of the Mahāyāna path to enlightenment. Tsering Wangchuk unravels the history of this important Indic text in Tibet by examining numerous Tibetan commentaries and other exegetical texts on the treatise that emerged between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries. These commentaries explored such questions as: Is the buddha-nature teaching found in the Uttaratantra literally true, or does it have to be interpreted differently to understand its ultimate meaning? Does it explicate ultimate truth that is inherently enlightened or ultimate truth that is empty only of independent existence? Does the treatise teach ultimate nature of mind according to the Cittamātra or the Madhyamaka School of Mahāyāna? By focusing on the diverse interpretations that different textual communities employed to make sense of the Uttaratantra, Wangchuk provides a necessary historical context for the development of the text in Tibet. (Source: SUNY Press)

Citation	Wangchuk, Tsering. The Uttaratantra in the Land of Snows: Tibetan Thinkers Debate the Centrality of the Buddha-Nature Treatise. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2017.

ContentsAbout the BookSourcesQuotes

• Acknowledgmentsxi
• Introduction1
  • General Remarks1
  • Textual Historical Background5

• Part I. Early Period: Kadam Thinkers Rescue the Treatise13
  • Chapter 1. Rise of the Uttaratantra in Tibet: Early Kadam Scholars
    Revitalize the Newly Discovered Indian Exegesis13
    • Introduction13
    • Ngok and Chapa on the Pervasive Nature of the Buddha-Body15
    • Ngok and Chapa on Definitive or Provisional Nature in the
      Uttaratantra 18
    • Ngok and Chapa on the Uttaratantra as a Last Wheel Treatise 19
    • Buddha-Element as a Conceived Object20
    • Ngok and Chapa Differ on Emphasis21
    • Conclusion24
  • 2. Sowing Seeds for Future Debate: Dissenters and Adherents25
    • Introduction 25
    • Sapen, the Dissenter 26
    • Rikrel, the Third Karmapa, and Sangpu Lodrö Defend the
      Uttaratantra 29
    • Rinchen Yeshé’s Proto Other-Emptiness Presentation of the
      Uttaratantra, and Butön’s Reply34
    • Conclusion38
• Part II. The Pinnacle Period: the Other-Emptiness Interpretation Spreads 43
  • 3. Other-Emptiness Tradition: The Uttaratantra in Dölpopa’s Works43
    • Introduction43
    • Predominance of the Last Wheel Scriptures44
    • Is the Uttaratantra a Cittamātra Text or a Madhyamaka Text?46
    • Classification of Cittamātra48
    • Classification of Madhyamaka51
    • Conclusion54
  • 4. The Uttaratantra in Fourteenth-Century Tibet55
    • Introduction 55
    • Sazang Follows in His Master’s Footsteps55
    • Two Fourteenth-Century Kadam Masters’ Uttaratantra
      Commentaries 59
    • Longchenpa’s View on the Uttaratantra63
    • Conclusion65
• Part III. The Argumentation Period: Self-Emptiness Proponents criticize
                Other-Emptiness Approach 69
  • 5. Challenges to the Purely Definitive Nature of the Uttaratantra: Zhalu
    Thinkers Criticize Dölpopa 69
    • Introduction69
    • Butön’s Ornament 70
    • Dratsépa’s Commentary72
    • Conclusion80
  • 6. Challenges to the Supremacy of the Uttaratantra: Rendawa and
    Tsongkhapa on Tathāgata-essence Literature 83
    • Introduction83
    • Rendawa on the Uttaratantra and the Tathāgata-Essence Literature83
    • Tsongkhapa on the Uttaratantra and the Tathāgata-Essence Literature89
    • Conclusion95
  • 7. Gyeltsap’s Commentary on the Uttaratantra: A Critique of Dölpopa’s Interpretation of Tathāgata-essence Literature97
    • Introduction97
    • Middle Wheel and Last Wheel Teachings101
    • Definitive Meaning and Provisional Meaning103
    • Self-Emptiness and Other-Emptiness104
    • Conclusion106
• Conclusion109
• General Remarks109
• Completing the Cycle112
• Notes119
• Bibliography181
• Tibetan Language Works Cited181
• English Language Works Cited186
• Index191

Tsering Wangchuk's The Uttaratantra in the Land of Snows is a clear and concise introduction to the history of the Uttaratantra and buddha-nature theory in pre-modern Tibet. It is an ideal introduction for anyone not yet familiar with the buddha-nature debate in Tibet. Wangchuk summarizes the writings and views of several of the most important Tibetan philosophers who weighed in on buddha-nature between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries from Ngok Lotsāwa through Sakya Paṇḍita to Dolpopa and Gyaltsap Je. The book is divided into three main sections: early Kadam thinkers who attempted to fold the Uttaratantra's positive-language teaching on buddha-nature into mainstream Madhyamaka doctrine of non-affirming negation. They did so by asserting that buddha-nature was, in fact, a synonym of emptiness, and was, therefore, a definitive teaching. The second stage was reactions during the thirteenth century. Sakya Paṇḍita, for example, rejected the conflation of buddha-nature and emptiness and declared the teaching to be provisional; early Kagyu thinkers revived the positive-language teachings and asserted that such statements were definitive, and Dolpopa taught "other-emptiness," the strongest expression of positive-language doctrine ever advocated in Tibet. Finally, in the fourteenth century, a number of mainly Geluk thinkers, such as Gyaltsap Je, reacted against Dolpopa and all synthesis of Yogācāra and Madhyamaka thought, relegating the Uttaratantra again to provisional status. The advantage of Wangchuk's historical frame is that all assertions are placed in the easy context of an opponent or supporter's writing, thus reminding the reader that buddha-nature theory in Tibet is an ongoing conversation, a debate between the two fundamental doctrinal poles of positive and negative descriptions of the ultimate.

Brief selections from a number of texts including:

1. Rngog blo ldan shes rab. theg chen rgyud bla'i don bsdus pa (Condensed Meaning of the Uttaratantra). Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, 1993.
2. phywa pa chos kyi seng+ge. theg pa chen po rgyud bla ma'i bstan bcos kyi tshig dang don gyi cha rgya cher bsnyad pa phra ba'i don gsal ba (Illumination of the Meaning of the Uttaratantra). Collected Works of Kadam Masters, vol. 7. Chengdu: si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 2006.
3. blo gros mtshungs med. theg pa chen po rgyud bla ma'i bstan bcos kyi nges don gsal bar byed pa'i rin po che'i sgron me (The Precious Lamp That Illuminates Definitive Meaning). Arunachal Pradesh: Tibetan Nyingma Monastery, 1974.
4. sgra tshad pa rin chen rnam rgyal. de bzhin gshegs pa'i snying po mdzes rgyan gyi rgyan mkhas pa'i yid 'phrong (Ornament to the Ornament). Collected Works of Bu-Ston, part 28 (SA). Lhasa: Zhol par khang, 2000.
5. Red mda' ba gzhon nu blo gros. dbu ma la 'jug pa'i rnam bshad de kho na nyid gsal ba'i sgron ma (The Lamp That Illuminates Suchness). dpal ldan sa skya pa'i gsung rab, vol. 13. Beijing: mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 2003.
6. tsong kha pa. legs bshad gser phreng (Golden Rosary of Excellent Exposition). Taipei: The Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation, 2000. See
7. Rgyal tshab rje dar ma rin chen. theg pa chen po rgyud bla ma'i ti ka (Uttaratantra Commentary). Collected Works of Gyeltsep, vol. 3. Kubum Monastery: sku 'bum byas pa gling par khang, n.d.

Does it explicate other-emptiness (གཞན་སྟོང་) or self-emptiness (རང་སྟོང་)? Generally speaking, the former refers to the idea that ultimate truth is empty of defilements that are naturally other than ultimate truth, whereas self-emptiness implies that everything including ultimate truth is empty of its own inherent nature.  

~ in The Uttaratantra in the Land of Snows, page(s) 4

All sentient beings have the buddha-essence because 1) the buddha-body radiates [to all sentient beings], 2) the suchness [of a buddha and sentient beings] is indivisible, and 3) the buddha-nature exists [in all sentient beings]  

~ in The Uttaratantra in the Land of Snows, page(s) 15-16

Even though defilements exist, they are adventitious [to the buddha-element, because the buddha-element] is naturally pure. [Enlightened] qualities such as the buddha's powers, and so forth naturally exist [in the buddha-element] from a time without beginning. Therefore, there is no new elimination of previously existing defilements, and there is no new achievement of previously non-existent [enlightened] qualities.  

~ Gsang phu ba blo gros mtshungs med in The Uttaratantra in the Land of Snows, page(s) 32

Because freedom from adventitious defilements is the very nature of the tathagata-element since the primordial time, there are no afflictive emotions that need to be eliminated [from the element]. Because the perfect dharma-reality that is indivisible form the enlightened qualities is the very nature of the tathagata-element, there are no virtuous qualities that need to be newly-acquired  

~ Rta nag rin chen ye shes in The Uttaratantra in the Land of Snows, page(s) p. 35

These are the root verses of the Uttaratantra attributed to Maitreya by the Tibetan tradition.

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Uttaratantra - The Ultimate Continuum, or Gyü Lama, is often used as a short title in the Tibetan tradition for the key source text of buddha-nature teachings called the Ratnagotravibhāga of Maitreya/Asaṅga, also known as the Mahāyānottaratantraśāstra. Skt. उत्तरतन्त्र Tib. རྒྱུད་བླ་མ་ Ch. 寶性論

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Mahāyāna - Mahāyāna, or the Great Vehicle, refers to the system of Buddhist thought and practice which developed around the beginning of Common Era, focusing on the pursuit of the state of full enlightenment of the Buddha through the realization of the wisdom of emptiness and the cultivation of compassion. Skt. महायान Tib. ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོ། Ch. 大乘

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Cittamātra - Though it is sometimes used synonymously with Yogācāra, it is in fact one of the more prominent philosophical theories associated with this school. It asserts that the objects in the external world with which we interact are actually mentally created representations appearing as those objects. The character of these perceptions is predetermined by our own karmic conditioning that is stored in the ālayavijñāna. Skt. चित्तमात्र Tib. སེམས་ཙམ་

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Madhyamaka - Along with Yogācāra, it is one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Nāgārjuna around the second century CE, it is rooted in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras, though its initial exposition was presented in Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā. Skt. मध्यमक Tib. དབུ་མ་ Ch. 中觀見

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Kadam - The Kadam tradition, which traces its origin to the teachings of Atiśa, was the first of the so-called New Schools of Tibetan Buddhism, traditions which arose during or after the Second Propagation of Buddhism (phyi dar) in the tenth century. Tib. བཀའ་གདམས་

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Sangpu Neutok - Sangpu Neutok is an important monastery in central Tibet, just south of Lhasa, that was founded in 1072 by Ngok Lekpai Sherab, a disciple of Atiśa, and developed by his nephew, Ngok Lotsāwa Loden Sherab. Originally a Kadam monastery with two colleges, it evolved into a monastery that includes both Sakya and Geluk traditions. At its peak in the 11th to 14th centuries, it was one of the most highly esteemed centers for monastic education and the study of Buddhist philosophy in all of the Tibetan plateau. Many influential philosophers of the time studied there. Tib. གསང་ཕུ་ནེའུ་ཐོག་

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Sakya - The Sakya tradition developed in the eleventh century in the Khön family of Tsang, which maintained an imperial-era lineage of Vajrakīla and which adopted a new teaching from India known as Lamdre. Tib. ས་སྐྱ་

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śūnyatā - The state of being empty of an innate nature due to a lack of independently existing characteristics. Skt. शून्यता Tib. སྟོང་པ་ཉིད་ Ch. 空,空門

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neyārtha - Refers to something that is taught for a specific reason, rather than because it is entirely true. Skt. नेयार्थ Tib. དྲང་དོན་

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Kagyu - The Kagyu school traces its origin to the eleventh-century translator Marpa, who studied in India with Nāropa. Marpa's student Milarepa trained Gampopa, who founded the first monastery of the Kagyu order. As many as twelve subtraditions grew out from there, the best known being the Karma Kagyu, the Drikung, and the Drukpa. Tib. བཀའ་བརྒྱུད་

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Geluk - The Geluk tradition traces its origin to Tsongkhapa, who propagated a modified version of the Kadampa lojong and lamrim teachings. It is the dominant tradition of Tibet, having established its control of the government under the figure of the Dalai Lama. Tib. དགེ་ལུགས་

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Yogācāra - Along with Madhyamaka, it was one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Asaṅga and Vasubandhu around the fourth century CE, many of its central tenets have roots in the Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra and the so-called third turning of the dharma wheel (see tridharmacakrapravartana). Skt. योगाचार Tib. རྣལ་འབྱོར་སྤྱོད་པ་ Ch. 瑜伽行派

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āvaraṇa - Literally, that which obscures or conceals. Often listed as a set of two obscurations (sgrib gnyis): the afflictive emotional obscurations (Skt. kleśāvaraṇa, Tib. nyon mongs pa'i sgrib pa) and the cognitive obscurations (Skt. jñeyāvaraṇa, Tib. shes bya'i sgrib pa). By removing the first, one becomes free of suffering, and by removing the second, one becomes omniscient. Skt. आवरण Tib. སྒྲིབ་པ་

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tathatā - Suchness itself, absolute reality, or thusness, as in the ultimate state of being of phenomena. Skt. तथता Tib. དེ་བཞིན་ཉིད་

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