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'Gos Lo tsā ba gZhon nu dpal's Commentary on the Ratnagotravibhāgavyākhyā	Introductionix Bibliographyxviii Theg pa chen po rgyud bla ma'i bstan bcos kyi 'grel bshad de kho nyid rab tu gsal ba'i me    long1 De bzhin gshegs pa'i snying po'i le'u2 Byang chub kyi le'u453 Yon tan gyi le'u508 Phrin las kyi le'u527 Phan yon gyi le'u559
A Buddha Within: The Tathāgatagarbhasūtra	Preface7 Acknowledgements8 Technical Note: My Use of the Asterisk10 I A Study and Annotated Translation of the Tathāgatagarbhasūtra11 A General Study and Text-historical Considerations12 1 Textual History and Structure of the TGS16 1.1 Different Recensions of the TGS16 1.2 The Representatives of TGS224 1.3 Similarities between the Chinese Translations27 1.4 Structure, Contents and Textual History of the TGS27 1.5 The Structure, Nature and Contents of the Nine Similes34 2 The Meaning and Occurrences of the Term tathāgatagarbha39 2.1 The Term tathāgatagarbha39 2.2 The Textual Occurrences of the Terms tathāgatagarbha and garbha46 3 The Buddha-Nature Doctrine in the TGS50 3.1 The Buddha-Nature50 3.2 Becoming a Buddha62 3.3 How to Become a Buddha65 4 The TGS as a Part of lndian Buddhism: Its Sources, Motives and    Reception67 4.1 The Titles of the TGS68 4.2 The Recorded Chinese Translations of the TGS69 4.3 Possible Motives of the Authors of the TGS75 4.4 The TGS in the History of lndian Buddhism77 4.5 The TGS in the Ratnagotravibhāga(vyākhyā) and Other Indian Texts84 4.6 The Twentieth-Century Reception of the TGS90 B An Annotated Translation of the Tathāgatagarbhasūtra into English 93 II Critical and Diplomatic Editions of the Tathāgatagarbhasūtra163 C The Textual Materials164 1 Information on the Tibetan Manuscripts and Xylographic Editions Utilized164 A The Tabo Manuscript Fragments164 B -The Berlin Manuscript Kanjur165 Bth - The Newark Manuscript Kanjur from Bathang166 Bu - The Citation in Bu ston Rin chen grub's De bzhin gshegs pa 'i snying po gsal zhing mdzes par byed pa 'i rgyan167 D - The Derge Kanjur (Nyingma Edition)167 J - The 'Jang sa tham or Lithang Kanjur168 L-The Shel dkar Manuscript Kanjur (London)169 N - The Narthang Kanjur 169 P1, Pi, P1 - The Phug brag Ms Kanjur170 Q - The Peking Kanjur (Otani Reprint)171 S The Stog Palace ManuscriptK anjur171 T- The Tokyo Manuscript Kanjur172 2 The Stemmatic Relations among the Representatives of Tib172 2.1 The Three Phug brag Versions 173 2.2 The Kanjurs of the Tshal pa Lineage 177 2.3 The Them spangs ma Kanjurs186 2.4 The Position of Bu191 2.5 The Position of A192 2.6 The Relation of the Main Transmissional Groups to Each Other 193 2.7 Possible Stemmas of Tib203 3 Characteristics of the Textual Witnesses of Tib207 3.1 Archaic Features207 3.2 Irregular Verbal Forms208 3.3 Colophons and Translators210 4 A Brief Evaluation of the Chinese Materials213 5 Remarks on the Various Editions214 5. I Principles Governing the Critical Edition of Tib214 5 .2 Remarks on All Editions and Their Critical Apparatuses215 5.3 The Editions of the Tibetan Translations216 5.4 The Chinese Editions218 D The Editions221 The Critical and Diplomatic Editions221 Apparatus of Secondary Variants370 Sigla, Symbols and Graphic Devices of the Tibetan Material391 Sigla and Graphic Devices of the Chinese Material392 E Appendices395 Appendix A: Comparative Chart of the Bodhisattva Names in OE396 Appendix B: Comparative Chart of Pada Sequences398 Appendix C: Comparative Table of Sections and Chapters of the Chinese and Tibetan Editions400 Bibliography405 Primary Sources, with Abbreviations405 Select Secondary Sources412 Index427
A Buddhist Bible (1938)	Prefacev Selections from Pali Sources The Historic Buddha, Narasu3 The Word of the Buddha, Nyanatiloka22 Tevigga Sutta, Rhys-Davids61 118th Discourse, Chao Kung73 Selections from Sanskrit Sources Maha-Prajna-Paramita-Hridaya, Goddard85 The Diamond Sutra, Wai-tao87 The Surangama Sutra, Wai-tao108 Lankavatara Scripture, Suzuki and Goddard277 The Awakening of Faith, Wai-tao357 Selections from Chinese Sources Tao-teh-king, Wai-tao407 Dhyana for Beginners, Wai-tao437 Sutra Spoken by the Sixth Patriarch, Wong Mou-lam497 Selections from Tibetan Sources The Life and Hymns of Milarepa, Evans-Wentz561 The Supreme Path, Evans-Wentz600 Selections from Modern Sources Homeless Brothers, Yamabe625 Practising the Seventh Stage, Goddard634 Summary of Buddha’s Dharma645 Appendix659
A Clear Differentiation of the Three Codes	Forewordix Acknowledgmentsxi Note on Transcriptionxii List of Abbreviationsxiii Part I: Sakya Pandita’s Life and Work Introduction3 Part II: A Clear Differentiation of the Three Codes Prologue39 Vows of Individual Liberation41 Vows of the Bodhisattva81 Vows of the Vajra Vehicle95 Epilogue199 Part III: Six Letters by Sakya Pandita 1. Reply to the Questions of the Translator from Chak205 2. Reply to the Questions of the Translator of Lowo225 3. A Letter to the Noble-Minded229 4. A Letter to the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas of the Ten Directions241 5. Reply to the Questions of Dokorwa the Kadampa259 6. Reply to the Questions of Namkha Bum the Kadampa267 Appendix A: Gorampa's Outline of A Clear Differentiation of the Three Codes273 Appendix B: Transliteration of the Tibetan Text of A Clear Differentiation of the Three Codes277 Glossary331 Bibliography337 Index349 About the Cover370
A Commentary on The Uttara Tantra (Pre-publication edition)	1. Introduction to the Uttara Tantra 1 2. The Buddha 21 3. The Dharma 28 4. The Sangha 39 5. Introduction to Book II 50 6. Buddha Nature (The 10 Aspects) 55 7. Buddha Nature (The 9 Examples) 85 8. Enlightenment (1-5 Aspects) 102 9. Enlightenment (6-10 Aspects) 121 10. The Qualities of Buddhahood 150 11. Buddha Activity 170 12 The Benefits of the Text 185 Appendix A: Technical Terms 197 Appendix B: Spellings of Tibetan words 208 Appendix C: Biography of Thrangu Rinpoche 211
A Comparison of the Concepts of Buddha-Nature and Dao-Nature of Medieval China	Introduction1 1. Discussion of previous scholarship2 2. Methods and questions addressed in this project8 3. The significance of the idea that insentient things have buddha-nature for     East Asian Buddhism15 4. Background: The legitimacy of the idea that insentient things have buddha-     nature in non-Chinese sources17 5. The definition of "sentient beings"25 6. Chapter summaries32 Chapter 1: An Examination of the Relationship between Human Nature and the Nature of Inanimate Things in Chinese Thought36 1. The discussion of xing 性 in terms of the nature of mind before Xuanxue 玄學     (Arcane Study)38 2. The discussion of xing in terms of ontology49 2.1 The discussion of xing in terms of Daoist ontology before      Arcane Study49 2.2 The discussion of xing in terms of ontology in Arcane Study58 3. The taxonomy of Daoism81 4. Conclusion84 Chapter 2: A Discussion of Dao-Nature in Practical Daoism87 1. The discussion of dao-nature in practical Daoism91 1.1 Tao Hongjing's 陶弘景 discussion of dao-nature92 1.2 Song Wenming's 宋文明 discussion of dao-nature98 1.2.1 The authorship of the Daode yiyuan 道德義淵98 1.2.2 Song Wenming's discussion of dao-nature108 2. The discussion of dao-nature in the Tang dynasty (618–907 A.D.)114 3. Conclusion128 Chapter 3: A Discussion of Jizang's 吉藏 Argument that Grasses and Trees Have Buddha-Nature130 1. Sentient beings: Are they buddha-nature or do they have buddha-nature?136 2. Jizang's definition of buddha-nature138 3. An examination of Jizang's argument of buddha-nature in an ontological     view157 3.1 The meaning of the word li 理 (principle) and the method of linei-liwai      理內理外 (within li, beyond li)157 3.2 An examination of Jizang's argument that insentient things have      buddha-nature177 4. A comparison of Jizang's discussion of buddha-nature with the dao-nature of      Daoism182 5. Conclusion184 Chapter 4: An Examination of Zhanran's 湛然 Discussion of Buddha-Nature189 1. An examination of Zhanran's argument of insentient things having buddha-     nature195 2. Zhanran's definition and interpretation of buddha-nature203 2.1 Zhanran's discussion of nature203 2.2 Zhanran's definition of buddha-nature205 2.3 The relationship between unity and diversity220 3. An investigation of Chinese thought in Zhanran's Fuxing 輔行     (止觀輔行傳弘決) and its association with Zhanran's discussion of     buddha-nature223 4. Conclusion243 Conclusion: A Comparison of Buddha-Nature and Dao-Nature247 Bibliography266
A Complete Session of Meditation	Introductionv I. Possibilities Your Enlightened Core3 Great Beings Talk About the Enlightened Core9 II. Overview Overview of the Path of Meditation23 III. A Complete Session of Meditation Preparations: Taking Refuge and Arousing Enlightenment Mind31 Main Practices: Development of Insight into Reality Through the Practices of Shamatha and Vipashyana51 The Key Points of the Body: Posture55 The Key Points of Mind: Shamatha57 The Key Points of Mind: Vipashyana: The Two Truths and Emptiness73 The Key Points of Mind: Vipashyana: Emptiness Progressively Understood Through the Four Schools of Buddhist Philosophy91 The Key Points of Mind: Vipashyana: Emptiness Known Through Examination of Time103 The Key Points of Mind: Vajra Vehicle Meditations on Reality105 Conclusion: Dedication, The Seal119 Glossary123
A Direct Path to the Buddha Within	Abbreviationsviii Prefaceix Introduction1 General Remarks1 Delimitation of the Subject and Methods Employed3 The Ratnagotravibhāga and Its Vyākhyā7 The Reaction of Mainstream Mahāyāna to the Theory of Buddha Nature17 Part I:The Tibetan Historical Context 1. The Development of Various Traditions of Interpreting Buddha Nature25 Ngog Loden Sherab's Analytical Interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhāga25 Ratnagotravibhāga Commentaries in the Meditation Tradition32 The Mahāmudrā Interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhāga34 The Zhentong Interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhāga45 2. Various Positions Related to Zhönu Pal's Interpretation49 The Position of the Third Karmapa Rangjung Dorjé51 The Position of Dölpopa Sherab Gyaltsen75 The Position of Sabzang Mati Panchen84 The Position of Lodrö Tsungmé91 The Position of Longchen Rabjampa98 The Position of Barawa Gyaltsen Palzang113 A Comparison of the Positions125 3. A Short Account of the Most Important Events in Zhönu Pal's Life131 Part II: Translation 4. Zhönu Pal's Ratnagotravibhagavyākhya Commentary151 Translator's Introduction151 Technical Notes154 The Commentary on the Treatise "Mahāyāna-Uttaratantra": The Mirror Showing Reality Very Clearly (Introduction and Initial Commentaries)157 Introduction157 The Commentary for Those with Sharp Faculties169 The Commentary for Those with Average Faculties180 The Explanation of RGV I.1181 The Explanation of RGV I.2204 The Three Jewels: Buddha, Dharma, and Saṅgha205 Buddha Nature and Its Purification through the Three Dharmacakras214 Enlightenment, Buddha Qualities, and Activity309 A Short Explanation of RGV I.3312 Part III. Zhonu Pal's Views on Buddha Qualities, Emptiness and Mahamudra 5. Buddha Qualities317 General Remarks317 Different Views on Buddha Qualities318 The Blossoming of Subtle Qualities320 The Examples Used to Illustrate the Growth of the Qualities342 The Ontological Status of the Buddha Qualities344 6. Two Types of Emptiness351 7. Zhönu Pal's Mahāmudrā Interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhāga367 The Ratnagotravibhāga as a Basis for Mahāmudrā Instructions367 The Three Dharmacakras: Mahāmudrā Hermeneutics368 The Mahāmudrā Approach of Yogic Direct Valid Cognitions373 Sūtra-Based Mahāmudrā Meditation377 The First Mahāmudrā Yoga of One-Pointedness381 The Second Mahāmudrā Yoga of Freedom from Mental Fabrications382 The Third Mahāmudrā Yoga of One Taste384 The Fourth Mahāmudrā Yoga of Nonmeditation385 The Four Mahāmudrā Yogas and the Ratnagotravibhāga386 Zhönu Pal's Justification of a Sudden Mahāmudrā Path397 Pairs of Paradoxes406 8. Conclusion411 Notes423 Table of Tibetan Transliteration555 Bibliography565 Subject Index589 Indian Text Index607
A Distant Mirror	Foreword9    Michael Zimmermann Acknowledgements13 Introduction15    Michael Radich and Chen-kuo Lin Chinese Translations of Pratyakṣa33    Funayama Toru Epistemology and Cultivation in Jingying Huiyuan’s Essay on the Three Means of Valid Cognition63    Chen-kuo Lin The Theory of Apoha in Kuiji's Cheng weishi lun Shuji101    Shoryu Katsura A Comparison between the Indian and Chinese Interpretations of the Antinomic Reason (Viruddhāvyabhicārin)121    Shinya Moriyama The Problem of Self-Refuting Statements in Chinese Buddhist Logic151    Jakub Zamorski A Re-examination of the Relationship between the Awakening of Faith and Dilun School Thought, Focusing on the Works of Huiyuan183    Ching Keng A Pivotal Text for the Definition of the Two Hindrances in East Asia: Huiyuan's "Erzhang yi" Chapter217    A. Charles Muller On the Notion of Kaidaoyi (*Avakāśadānāśraya) as Discussed in Xuanzang's Cheng weishi lun271    Junjie Chu Yogācāra Critiques of the Two Truths313    Zhihua Yao Philosophical Aspects of Sixth-Century Chinese Buddhist Debates on "Mind and Consciousness"337    Hans-Rudolf Kantor The Way of Nonacquisition: Jizang’s Philosophy of Ontic Indeterminacy397    Chien-hsing Ho Divided Opinion among Chinese Commentators on Indian Interpretations of the Parable of the Raft in the Vajracchedikā419    Yoke Meei Choong Ideas about "Consciousness" in Fifth and Sixth Century Chinese Buddhist Debates on the Survival of Death by the Spirit, and the Chinese Background to *Amalavijñāna471    Michael Radich The Process of Awakening in Early Texts on Buddha-Nature in India513    Michael Zimmermann About the Authors529 Index535
A Feast of the Nectar of the Supreme Vehicle	Foreword by Jigme Khyentse Rinpoche xiii Translator’s Introduction xv Ornament of the Mahāyāna Sūtras: The Root Verses 1. The First Chapter 3 2. Establishing the Great Vehicle as the Buddhas Word 5 3. Refuge 9 4. The Potential 13 5. The Spiritual Intent: Bodhicitta 15 6. Practice 19 7. Thatness 21 8. Powers 23 9. Full Maturation 25 10. Enlightenment 29 11. Interest 41 12. Thorough Investigation 45 13. Teaching the Dharma 57 14. Practicing the Dharma 61 15. Instructions and Follow-Up Teachings 67 16. Skillful Activity 75 17. Transcendent Perfections and Ways of Attracting Disciples 77 18. Offering, Reliance, and Boundless Attitudes 89 19. Elements Leading to Enlightenment 99 20. Qualities 113 21. Conduct and Consummation 125 A Feast of the Nectar of the Supreme Vehicle: The Commentary Preamble, Title, and Translator’s Homage 137 Introduction 139 Part One: What Is to Be Established: Establishingthe Great Vehicleas the Buddha’s Word 1. General Presentation 151 2. Specific Explanations 155 Part Two: What Is to Be Specifically Known 3. Refuge 171 4. The Potential 183 5. The Spiritual Intent: Bodhicitta 197 6. Practice 221 Part Three: What Is to Be Reflected Upon 7. Thatness 133 8. Powers 149 9. Full Maturation 259 Part Four: The Inconceivable, That Which Is beyond Reflection 10. Enlightenment 279 Recapitulation 339 Part Five: The Approach to Enlightenment Preliminaries 11. Interest 345 12. Thorough Investigation 359 13. Teaching the Dharma 447 14. Practicing the Dharma 473 15. Instructions and Follow-Up Teachings 491 Intermediate Summary 519 Main Explanation 16. Skillful Activity 521 17. Transcendent Perfections and Ways of Attracting Disciples 525 18. Offering, Reliance, and Boundless Attitudes 579 19. Elements Leading to Enlightenment 629 20. Qualities 731 21. Conduct and Consummation 797 Conclusion 843 Appendix 1: Structural Outline 847 Appendix 2: The Five Bodhisattva Paths and the Thirty-Seven Elements Leading to Enlightenment 863 Appendix 3: The Three Worlds and Six Realms 867 Glossary 871 Works Cited 887 Bibliography 891 Index 893
A Fine Blend of Mahamudra and Madhyamaka	Abbreviationsviii Prefaceix Introduction1 General Remarks1 A Summary of the Amanasikāra Cycle and the *Mahāmudrākanakamālā7 Maitrīpa’s Life Story in the 'Bri gung bKa' brgyud chos mdzod23 The Collection of Texts on Non-conceptual Realization (The Amanasikāra Cycle)41 1. The Destruction of Wrong Views (Kudrstinirghātana)41 2. A Commentary on the [Initial] Statement of "The Destruction of Wrong Views" (Kudrstinirghātavākyatippinikā)51 3. The Major Offences (Mūlūpattayah)55 4. The Gross Offences (Sthūlāpattayah)57 5. A Jewel Garland of True Reality (Tattvaratndvalī)59 6. Explaining the Seals of the Five Tathāgatas (Pañcatathāgatamudrāvivaraṇa)95 7. A Presentation of Empowerment (Sekanirdeśa)107 8. The Succession of the Four Seals (Caturmudrānvaya)119 9. A Summary of the Meaning of Empowerment (Sekatātparyasaṃgraha)133 10. The Five Aspects [of Vajrasattva] ([Vajrasattva-]Pañcākāra)147 11. A Discourse on Illusion (Māyānirukti)155 12. A Discourse on Dream (Svapnanirukti)159 13. An Elucidation of True Reality (Tattvaprakāśa)163 14. An Elucidation of Non-Abiding (Apratiṣṭhānaprakāśa)169 15. An Elucidation of [the Term] "Indivisible union" (Yuganaddhaprakāśa)175 16. The Manifestation of Great Bliss (Mahāsukhaprakāśa)181 17. The Twenty Verses on True Reality (Tattvaviṃśikā)187 18. The Twenty Verses on Mahāyāna (Mahāyānaviṃśikā)193 19. The Five Verses on Penetrating Insight (Nirvedhapañcaka)199 20. The Six Verses on the Middle [Path] (Madhyamaṣaṭka)203 21. The Five [Verses on Transcendent] Love (Premapañcaka)207 22. The Ten Verses on True Reality (Tattvadaśaka)211 23. A Justification of Non-conceptual Realization (Amanasikārādhāra)241 24. The Six Verses on the Co-emergent (Sahajaṣaṭka)259 25. A Pith Instruction on Reality Called A Treasure of Dohas (*Dohānidhināmatattvopadeśa)263 26. A Pith Instruction on Settling the Mind Without Becoming Engaged in the Thought Processes of Projecting and Gathering—A Genuine Secret (Shes pa spro bsdu med par 'jog pa'i man ngag gsang ba dam pa)269 27. A Golden Garland of Mahāmudrā (*Mahāmudrākanakamālā)273 Conclusion315 Edition of the Sanskrit and Tibetan Texts319 General Remarks319 1. Kudṛṣṭinirghātana323 2. Kudṛṣṭinirghātavākyaṭippinikā333 3. Mūlāpattayah337 4. Sthūlāpattayah339 5. Tattvaratnāvalī341 6. Pañcatathāgatamudrāvivaraṇa371 7. Sekanirdeśa385 8. Caturmudrānvaya389 9. Sekatātparyasaṃgraha403 10. [Vajrasattva-]Pañcākāra415 11. Māyānirukti427 12. Svapnanirukti433 13. Tattvaprakāśa437 14. Apratiṣṭhānaprakāśa443 15. Yuganaddhaprakāśa447 16. Mahāsukhaprakāśa451 17. Tattvaviṃśikā457 18. Mahāyānaviṃśikā465 19. Nirvedhapañcaka473 20. Madhyamaṣaṭka477 21. Premapañcaka481 22. Tattvadaśaka485 23. Amanasikārādhāra489 24. Sahajaṣaṭka499 25. *Dohānidhināmatattvopadeśa503 26. Shes pa spro bsdu med par 'jog pa'i man ngag gsang ba dam pa507 27. *Mahāmudrākanakamālā511 Bibliography543 Primary Sources (Indian)543 Primary Sources (Tibetan)549 References551 Index559
A Gathering of Brilliant Moons	Foreword Ringu Tulku ix Preface xi Introduction 1 Holly Gayley and Joshua Schapiro Part I: Worldly Counsel 21 1. Facing Your Mind 23 Jamgön Kongtrul and Dudjom Lingpa Translated by John Canti 2. Playful Primers on the Path 47 Dza Patrul Rinpoché Translated by Joshua Schapiro 3. Dictums for Developing Virtue 83 Shangtön Tenpa Gyatso Translated by Gedun Rabsal and Nicole Willock 4. Bold Judgments on Eating Meat 97 Shardza Tashi Gyaltsen Translated by Geoffrey Barstow 5. A Letter to the Queen 109 Jikmé Lingpa and Getsé Mahāpaṇḍita Translated by Jann Ronis Part II: Meditation Advice 123 6. Advice for Solitary Retreat 125 Do Khyentsé, Dza Patrul Rinpoché, and the Third Dodrupchen Translated by Holly Gayley 7. Encouragement to Pursue the Path 171 Bamda Thupten Gelek Gyatso Translated by Michael Sheehy 8. How to Practice When Ill 191 Jikmé Lingpa Translated by Wulstan Fletcher 9. An Intimate Exhortation 201 Tokden Śākya Śrī Translated by Amy Holmes-Tagchungdarpa 10. A Meditation Instructor’s Manual 211 Dza Patrul Rinpoché Translated by Sarah Harding Part III: Esoteric Instructions 239 11. Pointing to the Nature of Awareness 241 Ju Mipham Rinpoché Translated by Douglas Duckworth 12. Putting Buddha Nature into Practice 251 Jamgön Kongtrul Translated by Tina Draszczyk 13. Instructions on the Great Perfection 285 Jamgön Kongtrul Translated by Marc-Henri Deroche Glossary 303 Tibetan Proper Names 317 Contributors 327
A Lamp to Illuminate the Five Stages	General Editor’s Prefacexiii Translator's Introduction1 Technical Note17 A Lamp to Illuminate the Five Stages Core Teachings on the Glorious Guhyasamāja, King of Tantras 1. Homage and Introduction21 Part 1. Divisions of Highest Yoga Tantra 2. The Two Types of Tantra25 3. Specific Explanation of Guhyasamāja Method Tantra43 4. Praise of Guhyasamāja55 5. Commentarial Traditions59 Part 2. The Path of Guhyasamāja 6. Training in the Guhyasamāja75 7. The Two Stages83 8. Explanation of Evām and of Bliss and Emptiness91 9. The Necessity of Penetrating Vital Points on the Body 123 Part 3. The Divisions o f the Completion Stage 10. The Core Instruction 137 11. TheFiveStages 143 Part 4. Body Isolation 12. Identifying Body Isolation 167 13. Types of Body Isolation 181 14. How Body Isolation Is Incorporated into the Six Yogas 191 15. The Practice o f Body Isolation 199 Part 5. Speech Isolation 16. Identifying Speech Isolation 213 17. Divisions,Functions, and Movement of the Winds 217 18. Significance of the Mantras 253 19. Prānāyāma Meditations 267 20. Vajra Repetition 295 21 . Experiences in Prānāyāma Meditation 309 Part 6. Mind Isolation 22 . The Nature of Mind Isolation 333 23. The Three Appearances and the Intrinsic Natures 341 Part 7. The Conventional-Truth Illusory Body 24. Gaining Instructions on the Illusory Body 25. Methods of Attaining the Illusory Body 26. The Mixings Part 8. The Ultimate-Truth Clear Light 27. Stages of Attainment443 28. The Outer and Inner Mastery 447 29. The Two Meditative Absorptions 453 30. How the Path of Tantra Must Occur on the Sutra Path 463 31. How Clear Light Is Incorporated into the Six Yogas 475 Part 9.The Stage of Union 31 . The Two Truths Inseparably Combined 483 33. How the Stage of Union Fits into the Six Yogas 503 Part 10. Tantric Activities 34. General Presentation of Activities 509 35. HighestYoga Tantra Activities527 36. Rituals for the Three Activities541 37. The Attainment of Complete Enlightenment559 Colophon and Dedication563 Table of Tibetan Transliteration567 Notes569 Glossary605 Bibliography617 Index629 About the Contributors649
A Prolegomena to the Śrīmālādevī Sūtra and the Tathāgatagarbha Theory: The Role of Women in Buddhism	Introduction1 Chapter I. Historical Overview10 II. Tathāgatabarbha61 III. Tathāgatagarbha Thought in the Śrīmālādevī-Siṁhanāda Sūtra: Part I116 IV. Tathāgatagarbha Thought in the Śrīmālādevī-Siṁhanāda Sūtra: Part II136 V. The Teaching of Queen Śrīmālā Who Had the Lion's Roar187 Appendix I: Methodology278 Appendix II: Bibliography287
A Study of Master Yinshun’s Hermeneutics: An Interpretation of the Tathāgatagarbha Doctrine	List of Tables10 Abstract11 Introduction13 Chapter 1. The Controversy: The Relationship between the Doctrine of Emptiness and the Tathāgatagarbha25 Chapter 2. Yinshun's Interpretation of the "Original Purity of the Mind" and Its Role in the Development of the Tathāgatagarbha Doctrine43 2.1. "Original Purity of the Mind" in pre-Mahāyāna Buddhism45 2.1.1. The "Original Purity of the Mind" and the Cultivation of Samādhi46 2.1.2. Canonical Sources for the "Original Purity of the Mind" Doctrine49 2.1.3. Yinshun's Interpretation of the "Original Purity of the Mind”: The Sarvāstivādin Position52 2.1.4. The Role of Metaphors in the Explication of the "Original Purity of the Mind"57 2.1.5. Unity of the Mind60 2.2. "Original Purity of the Mind" in Early Mahāyāna64 2.2.1. No-Mind and the "Original Purity of the Mind"65 2.2.2. The Bodhisattva Mind69 2.2.3. Bodhicitta, Luminous Purity, and Emptiness72 Chapter 3. Yinshun's Analysis of the Tathāgatagarbha's Relationship to the Perfection of Wisdom Sūtras, The Huayan Sūtra, and the Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra79 3.1. The "Equality of all Dharmas" and the "Non-Obstruction of Phenomena"81 3.1.1. The Prajñāpāramitā Literature81 3.1.2. Huayan Sūtra84 3.2. The Implied Meanings of the Tathāgatagarbha Theory Found in the Huayan Sūtra86 3.2.1. Tathāgata's Nature Origination Chapter86 3.2.2. The Ten Stages Chapter90 3.2.3. The Vairocana Chapter93 3.3. Mind, Bodhicitta, Bodhi, and Sentient Beings98 3.3.1. Bodhicitta and Bodhi99 3.3.2. Bodhicitta, Bodhi, and the Doctrine of Emptiness103 3.3.3. Bodhicitta, Bodhi, and the Jewel Metaphor107 3.4. The Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra110 Chapter 4. The Tathāgatagarbha as the womb of the Tathāgata: Yinshun's Explanation118 4.1. Tathāgata and Tathāgatagarbha (Rulai yu rulaizang)123 4.2. The Selfhood of Tathāgatagarbha (Rulaizangwo)131 4.3. Tathāgatagarbha is not empty (Rulaizangbukong)142 Chapter 5. Yinshun's Interpretation of the Jewel Nature Treatise's Treatment of the Tathāgatagarbha148 5.1. The Ratnagotravibhāga as the Chief Tathāgatagarbha Treatise150 5.1.1. The Jewel Nature Treatise (Jiujing yisheng baoxinglun)150 5.1.2. The Wushangyijing154 5.1.3. The Dasheng fajie wuchabie lun155 5.2. The Texts and Treatises on which the Ratnagotravibhāga are Based157 5.3 An Analysis of the Meaning of the Ratnagotravibhāga160 5.3.1 The Tathāgatagarbha160 5.3.1.1. The Pervasive Dharmakāya160 5.3.1.2. Suchness without Distinction161 5.3.1.3. The Buddha's Seed Nature162 5.3.2. The Originally Pure Mind163 5.3.3. Non-Emptiness and the Seed Nature168 5.3.4. "Transforming the Base" (Skt. Āśrayaparavṛtti: Chn. Zhuanyi)170 Chapter 6 . Conclusion: Yinshun's Hermeneutics173 6.1. Overview of Yinshun's interpretation of Tathāgatagarbha Doctrine174 6.2. Where to Go from Here193 References205
A Study of Yogācāric Influence on Tathāgatagarbha Doctrine as Found in Laṅkāvatārasūtra	Approval Pageii Abstractiii Acknowledgementsv Dedicationvi Table of Contentsvii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION1 1) A General Statement about This Study1 2) A Brief Review of Related Research8 3) Methodologies Employed in This Study9 CHAPTER TWO: TATHĀGATAGARBHA THOUGHT PRIOR TO THE LAṄKĀVATĀRASŪTRA11 1) The Tathāgatagarbhasūtra13 2) The Śrīmālādevīsūtra26 I Tathāgatagarbha and Ātman29 II Tathāgatagarbha and Śūnyatā32 III Tathāgatagarbha is Essentially Pure35 IV Tathāgatagarbha is the Supporting Cause37 CHAPTER THREE: TATHĀGATAGARBHA DOCTRINE IN THE LAṄKĀVATĀRASŪTRA (1) — TATHĀGATANAIRĀTMYAGARBHA42 1) A Brief Review of the Development of the Nairātmya Doctrine46 I "An-ātman" in Primitive Buddhism46 II "Niḥsvabhāva" in Madhyamaka School47 III "Twofold Nairātmya" in Yogācāra School49 2) Relationship between Tathāgatagarbha and Nairātmya as Found in the Laṅkāvatārasūtra52 I Tathāgatagarbha is Different from Ātman53 II Tathāgatagarbha is in Accordance with Nairātmya56 III Tathāgatagarbha and Śūnyatā are in Agreement59 3) Tathāgatagarbha and the "Real and Eternal Mind-only"63 I Tathāgatagarbha is Essentially "Genuine Ātman"65 II Tathāgatagarbha is Essentially Aśūnya74 4) Conclusion81 CHAPTER FOUR: TATHĀGATAGARBHA DOCTRINE IN THE LAṄKĀVATĀRASŪTRA (2) — TATHĀGATAGARBHĀLAYAVIJÑĀNA82 1) Meaning of Tathāgatagarbha as Cause Prior to the Laṅkāvatārasūtra85 I The Śrīmālādevīsūtra86 II The Anūnatvāpūrṇatva-nirdeśa-parivarta-sūtra88 III The Ratna-gotra-vibhāga90 2) Tathāgatagarbha as Cause in the Laṅkāvatārasūtra92 I Meaning of "Supporting Cause" Inherited from the Tathāgatagarbha Tradition93 II Meaning of "Producing Cause" Implanted from the Yogācāra School103 3) Conclusion117 CHAPTER FIVE: TATHĀGATAGARBHA DOCTRINE IN THE LAṄKĀVATĀRASŪTRA (3) — PARINIṢPĀNNASVABHĀVASTATHĀGATA- GARBHAHṚDAYA122 1) Expansion And Extent of Tathāgatagarbha123 I Tathāgata-Wisdom in the Tathāgatagarbhasūtra124 II "Tathāgata-Śūnyatā-Wisdom" and "Tathāgata-Realm" in the Śrīmālādevīsūtra129 2) Contents of the Term "Pariniṣpanasvabhāva"132 I Tathatā in the Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra and the Yogācāryabhūmiśāstra134 II All the Pure Dharmas in the Mahāyānasaṃgrahaśāstra139 3) Pariniṣpanasvabhāvastathāgatagarbhahṛdaya in the Laṅkāvatārasūtra141 4) Conclusion151 CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION155 BIBLIOGRAPHY158
A Study on the Ratnagotravibhāga (Uttaratantra)	List of Abbreviationsix Prefacexi Introduction1 I. The Ratnagotravibhāga, its Text, Translation, and Traditions concering the Author5 1. Text5 2. Translations & Traditions concerning the Author6 II. The Structure of the Text10 1. Basic Text and Commentary10 2. Chinese Account of the Basic Verses12 3. Supposed Form of the Original Text18 4. The Commentary and Later Additions19 III. Keypoint of the Discourse20 1. Ratnagotra, the Germ of the Three Jewels20 2. 4 Aspects of the Germ23 3. The Absolute26 IV. Genealogy of the Tathāgatagarbha Theory32 1. Sources of the Ratnagotravibhāga32 2. Cittaprakrti and Āganutukakleśa34 3. Buddhajñana in the Avatamsaka35 4. The Tathāgatagarbhasūtra36 5. The Āryaśrīmālāsūtra37 6. The Anūnatvâpūrnatvanirdeśa and the Mahāparinirvānasūtra39 7. The Mahāyānasūtrâlankāra40 V. Works on the Tathāgatagarbha Theory Contemporary with or Succeeding the Ratna.45 1. The Mahāyanadharmadhātvaviśesaśāstra45 2. The Buddhagotraśastra47 3. The Anuttarâśrayasūtra49 4. The Lankāvatāra and the Mahāyānaśraddhôtpādaśāstra53 VI. The Position of the Ratna. in Mahāyāna Buddhism54 1. The Ratna. as a Criticism on the Prajñāpāramitā54 2. The Ratna. and the Vijñānavāda57 3. Consideration on the Date and Authorship of the Ratna.61 Synopsis of the Text63 Translation and Notes135 Chapter I. — The Matrix of the Tathāgata I. Introduction141 1) The Meaning of the Adamantine Subjects141 2) Authorities on the 7 Subjects 143 3) The Essential Character of the 7 Subjects146 4) The Inherent Connection among the 7 Subjects153 II. The Jewel of the Buddha155 1) The eightfold Quality of the Buddhahood156 2) Reference to the Jñānâlokâlaṅkārasūtra159 III. The Jewel of the Doctrine163 1) The Eightfold Quality of the Doctrine164 2) Nirodhasatya & Mārgasatya165 3) The Doctrine as the Truth of Extinction165 4) The Doctrine as the Truth of Path168 IV. The Jewel of the Community172 1) Manner and Extent of Perception173 a) Right Manner of Perception174 b) Unlimited Extent of Perception175 2) Introspective Character of Bodhisattva’s Perception176 3) Superiority of Bodhisattva’s Community176 V. The 3 Jewels as Refuges180 1) 3 Refuges from the Empirical Standpoint180 2) The Doctrine and the Community are not the ultimate refuge181 3) Only the Buddha is the Refuge from the ultimate Standpoint184 4) The Meaning of the 3 Jewels185 VI. The Germ of the 3 Jewels in 4 Aspects186 1) Inconceivability of the 4 Aspects188 2) The Germ as Cause and Conditions of the 3 Jewels in its 4 Aspects194 VII. The Sermon: All Living Beings are possessed of the Tathāgatagarbha196 VIII. Analysis of the Germ from 10 Points of View199 (I) Svabhāva & (II) Hetu200 1) The Nature of the Essence of the Tathāgata200 2) Obstructions and Causes for Purification201 (III) Phala & (IV) Karman207 1) The 4 Supreme Virtues as the Result of Purification208 2) Concordance between the 4 Supreme Virtues and the 4 Causes for Purification210 3) 4 Impediments to the Attainment of the Supreme Virtues214 4) Motives of the 4 Supreme Virtues218 4') The Unstable Nirvāṇa219 5) Functions of the Germ for its Purification221 (V) Yoga225 1) The Union of the Germ to the Factors of its Purification225 2) The Union of the Germ to the Result of Purification227 (VI) Vṛtti (Manifestation)229 (VII) Avasthāprabheda (Different States of Manifestation)230 (VIII) Sarvatraga (All-pervadingness)233 (IX) Avikāra234 (A) Unchangeability in the Impure State235 1) Unoriginated Character of the Innate Mind238 2) Indestructible Character of the Innate Mind241 (B) Unchangeability in the Pure-and-impure State243 1) Pure Character and Impure Character of the Bodhisattva243 2) Defilements endowed with the Virtuous Root245 3) Bodhisattva’s Compassion — The Parable of a Householder246 4) Bodhisattva’s Perception of the Pure Mind248 5) ' Saṃsāra ' in the Case of Bodhisattva250 6) Bodhisattva in his 6th Stage250 7) The Pure and Impure State of the Bodhisattva in comparison with the Ordinary Being and the Buddha253 (C) Unchangeability in the Perfectly Pure State256 (X) Asaṃbheda258 1) Synonyms of the Essence of the Tathāgata259 2) The Point: Buddhahood is Nirvāṇa261 3) The Parable of Painters263 4) Similarity of the Buddhahood to the Sun265 IX. The 9 Illustrations on the Germ covered with Defilements268 1) The 9 Illustrations according to the Tathāgatagarbhasūtra268 2) 9 Kinds of Defilements — the Impurities of the Mind277 3) Concordance between the 9 Illustrations and 9 Kinds of Defilements281 4) The threefold Nature of the Essence283 a) Dharmakāya284 b) Tathatā287 c) Tathāgatagotra288 X. The Essential Characteristics of the Matrix of the Tathāgata294 1) The Saying: ' All Living Beings are possessed of the Matrix of the Tathāgata ' is the Highest Logical Truth294 2) The 4 Kinds of Individuals to whom the Faith in this Essence is necessary296 3) The True Conception of the Matrix of the Tathāgata as representing Non-substantiality300 XI. The Purpose of Instruction305 Chapter II. — The Enlightenment XII. General Characteristics of the Reality free from Pollutions310 XIII. 8 Points on the Undefiled Reality314 (I) Svabhāva & (II) Hetu314 (III) Phala315 (IV) Karman318 (V) Yoga322 (VI) Vṛtti324 a) The Body of the Absolute Essence326 b) The Body of Enjoyment328 c) The Apparitional Body329 (VII) Nitya331 (VIII) Acintya334 Chapter III. — The Properties of the Buddha XIV. General Characteristics of the Buddha’s Properties336 XV. The 64 Properties of the Buddha338 (I) The 10 Powers338 (II) The 4 Forms of Intrepidity339 (III) The 18 Exclusive Properties341 (IV) The 32 Marks of the Superman343 (Commentary)347 Chapter IV. — The Acts of the Buddha XVI. General Characteristics of the Acts of the Buddha351 XVII. The 9 Illustrations on the Buddha's Acts355 1) Buddha's Magnanimity355 2) The 9 Illustrations taken from the Jñānâlokâlaṅkārasūtra356 3) Summary of the Illustrations given by the Commentator374 4) Summary of Examples given in the Kārikās375 5) Non-origination and Non-extinction of the Buddhahood377 6) The Point of Dissimilarity377 Chapter V. — The Merits of Faith XVIII. The Merits of Having Faith in the Doctrine of the Essence of Buddhahood380 1) The Superiority of Faith to other Virtues in regard to their Merits380 2) Authority, Motive, and Characteristics of this Text being the Correct Doctrine384 3) Means of preserving oneself within the Doctrine386 4) Causes and Results of the Loss of the Doctrine387 5) Conclusion389 Appendixes I. Supposed for of the Original Śloka-grantha393 II. Corrections & Emendations to the Sanskrit Text396 III. Description of the Ultimate Reality by Means of the Six Categories400 Indexes 1. Index of Sanskrit Terms411 2. Index of Works, Authors & Schools437
A Treasury of Mahāyāna Sūtras	Acknowledgementsvii Prologueix I. On Māyā and Miracles 1 The Prophecy of the Magician Bhadra's Attainment of Buddhahood (Sūtra 21)3 II. On Emptiness 2 The Demonstration of the Inconceivable State of Buddhahood (Sūtra 35)27 3 Flawless Purity: A Dialogue with the Laywomen Gaṅgottarā (Sūtra 31)37 4 How to Kill the Sword of Wisdom (Sūtra 36)41 5 A Discourse on Ready Eloquence (Sūtra 33)73 6 Mañjuśrī's Discourse on the Pāramitā of Wisdom (Sūtra 46)100 7 The Prophecy of Bodhisattva Fearless Virtue's Attainment of Buddhahood (Sūtra 32)115 8 The Universal Dharma-Door to the Inconceivable (Sūtra 10)134 9 The Inexhaustible Stores of Wisdom (Sūtra 20)149 10 The Prediction of Mañjuśrī's Attainment of Buddhahood (Sūtra 15)164 III. On the Light of the Tathāgata 11 The Manifestation of Lights (Sūtra 11)191 IV. On Consciousness 12 The Elucidation of Consciousness (Sūtra 39)223 V. On Virtue and Discipline 13 Bodhisattva Surata's Discourse (Sūtra 27)243 14 Sumati’s Questions (Sūtra 30)256 15 The Definitive Vinaya (Sūtra 24)262 16 Abiding in Good and Noble Deportment (Sūtra 44)280 VI. On Pure Land 17 The Dharma-Door of Praising Tathāgata Akṣobhya's Merits (Sūtra 6)315 18 The Land of Utmost Bliss (Sūtra 5)339 VII. On General Mahāyāna Doctrine 19 The True Lion's Roar of Queen Śrīmālā (Sūtra 48)363 20 The Sūtra of Assembled Treasures (Sūtra 43)387 21 Dialogue with Bodhisattva Infinite Wisdom (Sūtra 45)415 VIII. On Skillful Means 22 On the Pāramitā of Ingenuity (Sūtra 38)427 Glossary469 Numerical Glossary487
Accessing Tibetan Tathāgatagarbha Interpretations based on The Ratnagotravibhāga	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSi ABBREVIATIONSii CHARTSiv INTRODUCTION1 CHAPTER ONE: THE SOURCE TEXTS5 HISTORY6 Ratnagotravibhāga and Ratnagotravibhagavyākhyā6 Authorship and date9 Sanskrit Editions of RGV and RGVV14 Chinese translations of RGVV16 The RGV and RGVV in the Tibetan tradition17 CONTENT21 Structure21 Translation of Selected verses of RGV31 Translation of the corresponding sections of RGVV34 Critical Edition of Selected verse of RGV and their corresponding RGVV sections40 CONCLUSION49 CHAPTER TWO: THEORY AND PRACTICE51 THEORY AND PRACTICE WITHIN THE TRADITION52 Tathāgatagarbha52 Tibetan Classifications of RGV & RGVV55 Tibetan exegesis58 CURRENT THEORY AND PRACTICE IN TIBETOLOGY60 Tathāgatagarbha60 RGV studies62 General observationos on Context, Sources and Classifications71 CONCLUSION75 CHAPTER THREE: METHODS77 HYPOTHESES77 METHODS CHOSEN78 CONCLUSION81 CHAPTER FOUR: SURVEY82 Sources for information about RGV commentaries83 Sources for information about commentators84 Commentary titles90 A PROVISIONAL LIST OF TIBETAN COMMENTARIES ON RGV & RGVV92 Information about authors whose commentaries are currently considered lost93 Information about authors whose commentaries are in an uncertain location100 Information about authors and their preserved RGV commentaries108 Information about authors and their commentaries that are preserved and reproduced114 CONCLUSION137 CHAPTER FIVE: COMPARISON140 INTERPRETATIONS142 INFORMATION GAINED FROM INTERPRETATIONS210 Divergence in interpretations of The Main Thesis & Its Three Reasons216 Isolation of main divergence237 CONCLUSION244 CHAPTER SIX: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS246 SANSKRIT EDITION OF THE SELECTED RGV VERSES250 BIBLIOGRAPHY252 TIBETAN SOURCES252 TIBETAN COLLECTIONS255 TIBETAN REFERENCE WORKS257 SOURCES IN WESTERN LANGUAGES259 JAPANESE SOURCES270
Affirmation in Negation: A Study of the Tathāgatagarbha Theory in the Light of the Bodhisattva Practices	Introduction1 Chapter One: The Term Tathāgatagarbha and Some of Its Synonyms8 1. Tathāgatagarbha8 A. Tathāgata8 B. Garbha16 C. Tathāgatagarbha17 2. Tathāgatagotra20 A. Gotra20 B. Tathāgatagotra37 3. Dharmadhātu and Buddhadhātu40 A. Dhātu40 B. Dharmadhātu45 C. Buddhadhātu50 4.Dharmakāya55 5. Prakṛtipariśuddhacitta65 Chapter Two: The Development of the Tathāgatagarbha Theory in India (1) —The Earlier Period74 1. Sūtras:77 A. Tathāgatagarbha-sūtra77 B. Anūnatvāpūrṇatva-nirdeśa80 C. Śrīmālādevīsiṃhanāda-sūtra85 D. Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra95 E. Anuttarāśraya-sūtra103 F. Some Minor Sūtras104 2. Śāstras:115 A. Ratnagotravibhāga-śāstra115 B. Mahāyānadharmadhātvaviśeṣa-śāstra126 3. A Chart of the Chronological Order of these Works130 Chapter Three: The Development of the Tathāgatagarbha Theory in India (2) —The Later Period131 1. Sūtras:143 A. Suvarṇaprabhāsa-sūtra143 B. Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra149 C. Ghanavyūha-sūtra156 2. Śāstras:160 A. The Buddha Nature Treatise160 B. Mahāyānaśraddhotpāda-śāstra167 Chapter Four: The Development of the Tathāgatagarbha Theory in China173 1. The Place of the Tathāgatagarbha theory in Different Kinds of P'an-chiao Systems174 2. The Influence of the MPN in Chinese Buddhism181 A. The Issue of the Icchantikas181 B. Different Kinds of Buddha Nature184 C. The Direct Cause of Buddha Nature195 3. The Buddha Nature in Some Chinese Buddhist Schools213 A. The Nieh-p'an School213 B. The T'ien-t'ai School219 C. The Hua-yen School225 D. The Ch'an School230 Chapter Five: Refutation of Matsumoto's and Hakamaya's Criticism on the Tathāgatagarbha Theory241 1. Fallacies Shared by Matsumoto and Hakamaya242 A. The Issue of Time versus Space243 B. The Issue of Unity versus Diversity247 C. The Issue of Permanence versus Impermanence250 2. Extreme Views of Matsumoto's Criticism252 A. On the Concepts of Vimukti and Nirvāṇa252 B. On the Concept of Dharmakāya256 3. Misconceptions of Hakamaya's Criticism261 A. On the Authoritarianism and the Lack of Real Altruism in the Theory of Fundamental Enlightenment263 B. On the Anti-religious Faith in the Theory of Fundamental Enlightenment270 Chapter Six: A Comparison between the "Ātman" in the Tathāgatagarbha theory and That in the Upaniṣads277 1. The "Ātman" in the Upaniṣads277 A. Ātman280 B. Brahman288 C. The Identification of Ātman and Brahman296 2. Comparison of the Concept of Ātman in the Tathāgatagarbha Theory with That in the Upaniṣads303 A. Downward versus Upward303 B. Unitary Brahman versus Myriads of Buddhas307 C. Knowledge Leading to the Oneness with the Ātman/Brahman versus the Great Compassion for the Salvation of All315 Chapter Seven: The Purpose of Postulating the Concept of Ātmapāramitā in the Tathāgatagarbha Theory329 1. Controversy over the Concept of Anātman Depicted in the Early Canons330 A. The Doctrine of Anātman—the Negative Attitude towards the Idea of Ātman330 B. Having the Self for an Island—the Positive Attitude towards the Idea of Ātman335 C. The Silence of the Buddha—the Neutral Attitude towards the Idea of Ātman339 D. The Controversy over the Issue of Ātman versus Anātman in Buddhism345 (I)Those Who Maintain That There Is Absolutely No Self or Soul and Their Theories of Karman and Transmigration346 (II) The Other Side of the Controversy356 2. The Absolute in the Mādhyamika and Yogācāra Schools366 A. The Concept of Anātman and the Absolute in the Mādhyamika School367 (I) The Concept of Anātman367 (II) Is the Supreme Truth the Absolute in the Mādhyamika Theory?375 B. The Concept of Ālayavijñāna and the Absolute in the Yogācāra School381 (I) The Substratum Consciousness—Ālayavijñāna383 (II) The Paramārtha-satya in the Yogācāra School391 3. The Purpose of Postulating the Concept of Ātmapāramitā in the Tathāgatagarbha Theory395 Chapter Eight: The Tathāgatagarbha Theory as a Support to the Bodhisattva Practices406 1. The Tathāgatagarbha Theory and the Bodhisattva Path406 A. Buddhayāna Is the Only True Vehicle407 B. Bodhisattva Practices Are the Only Way to One's Salvation from the Saṃsāra422 2. The Tathāgatagarbha Theory as a Support to the Bodhisattva Practices431 A. Tathāgatagarbha and the Bodhicittotpāda433 B. Tathāgatagarbha and the Bodhisattva Vows435 C. Tathāgatagarbha and the Six Pāramitās441 Conclusion450 Appendix A: Translation of the Tathāgatagarbha-sūtra454 I. Introductory Remarks454 II. The Translation457 Introduction457 Parable of the Metamorphosed Buddhas inside Lotuses464 Parable of the Honey Guarded by Countless Bees468 Parable of the Grain inside Husks470 Parable of the Gold in Impurities472 Parable of the Treasure under the Ground475 Parable of the Seed inside a Fruit478 Parable of the Golden Statue Wrapped in Rags480 Parable of the Embryo of Cakravartin in the Womb of a Poor Woman484 Parable of the Golden Image inside the Earthen Mold487 Merits of Recitation of This Sūtra490 The Jātaka Story of Bodhisattva Aparyantaprabha494 Conclusion503 Appendix B: Glossary of Selected Technical Terms504 I. Sanskrit-English504 II. Chinese-English506 Ill. Japanese-English509 Bibliography511
An Early Tibetan Survey of Buddhist Literature	Contentsvi Acknowledgementsix Abbreviationsx Part One. Introduction1 1. The Career of Bcom ldan ral gri3 2. The Context of Bcom ldan ral gri's Bstan pa rgyas pa rgyan gyi nyi 'od: A Preliminary Survey of the Production of Tibetan Canonical Collections under Mongol Rule9 2.1 Canonical Collections before "Bka' 'gyur" and "Bstan 'gyur"9 2.2 Early Canonical Production in the Sa skya Tradition14 2.3 Canonical Production at Tshal and Elsewhere32 2.4 Local Variation in the Contents of Early Kangyurs and Tengyurs41 2.5 Bcom ldan ral gri and Debates on the Canonicity of the Guhyagarbha Tantra46 3. The Structure, Contents, and Date of the Bstan pa rgyas pa rgyan gyi nyi 'od51 4. Conventions71 Appendicesx 1. Outline of the Bstan bcos kyi dkar chag by Dbus pa Blo gsal Rtsod pa'i seng ge (ca. 1270-ca. 1355)75 2. Outline of Chapter Four of Bu ston Rin chen grub's (1290-1364) History77 3. A Comparison of Sections in the Lhan dkar ma, 'Phyang thang ma, and Bstan pa rgyas pa rgyan gyi nyi 'od85 4. The 'Phang thang ma Section Titles in Bcom ldan ral gri's 1261 Thub pa'i bstan pa rgyan gyi me tog87 5. Section titles of the Zhwa lu/Sne'u gdong 1362 Bstan 'gyur89 6. Titles in the Bstan pa rgyas pa rgyan gyi nyi 'od corresponding to titles of missing works in Bu ston Rin chen grub's History91 Select Bibliographies93 Part Two. The Bstan pa rgyas pa rgyan gyi nyi 'od102 Title104 Opening Verse104 1. How Tibet Developed105 2. How Buddhism Developed in Tibet108 3. Prajñāpāramitā115 4. Avatamsaka118 5. Ratnakūta120 6. Mahāyāna Sūtras124 7. Hīnayāna Sūtras135 8. Dhāranī140 9. *Nāma, Pranidhāna, and Mangala150 10. Sūtra Commentaries154 11. Translations from Chinese and Khotanese159 12. Vinaya163 13. Abhidharma166 14. Cittamātra Śāstra168 15. Madhyamaka Śāstra171 16. Bodhisattvacārya and Bhāvanākrama174 17. Stotra177 18. Guhyamantra180 19. Tarka189 20. Partial Unrevised Translations192 21. How Translators, Scholars, Kings, and Ministers Appeared in Tibet213 22. Translations by Lo tsā ba Rin chen bzang po197 23. Translations by Students of Rin chen bzang po209 24. Translations by Lo tsā ba Nag tsho Tshul khrims rgyal ba213 25. Translations Just After Atiśa (ca. 982-ca.1054) Passed Away220 26. Translations by 'Brog mi Lo tsā ba Blo ldan shes rab and Others228 27. Translations by Rngog Lo tsā ba Blo ldan shes rab and Others237 28. Translations by Pa tshab Lo tsā ba Nyi ma grags and Others245 29. A Classification of Authentic and Inauthentic Sūtras, Tantra, and Śāstras255 30. Works Composed up to the Era of Emperor Khri Ral pa can263 31. Concluding Instruction274 Concluding Verses277 Colophon277 Post-colophonic Gloss277
An Introduction to Buddhism (Takasaki)	Preface to the English Versioniii A Note on Foreign Wordsviii Introduction: What is Buddhism?1 Buddha, Dharma, and Saṃgha: The Three Constituents of Buddhism3 Taking Refuge in the Three Treasures5 The Absolute Nature of the Dharma8 Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna: The "Greater" and "Lesser" Vehicles11 The Buddhist Canon (tri-piṭaka)16 I. The Life of Śākyamuni23 The Buddha Śākyamuni23 Biographies of the Buddha25 Birth and Renunciation28 Austerities and Enlightenment31 The Beginnings of Śākyamuni's Teaching Ministry: His First Sermon34 Dissemination of the Teaching and the Growth of the Community38 The Great Decease42 Erection of Stūpas and the First Council45 II. The True Nature of the Buddha49 Designations of the Buddha50 Buddha and Tathāgata53 The Former Lives of the Buddha55 The Buddhas of the Three Ages59 The Buddhas of the Ten Directions61 Material Body and Dharma-Body64 The Theory of Three Bodies68 III. Dharma: The Buddhist Conception of Truth70 The Meanings of Dharma70 The Basis of the Teaching: Dependent Co-arising and the Four Noble    Truths76 Śākyamuni's: Philosophical Position: The Ten or Fourteen Unanswerables85 "Dharma-seals": The Watchwords of Buddhism89 Saṃskāra and Dharma: The Dependently Co-arisen96 Dharmatā: The Principle of Dependent Co-arising100 The Conception· of Truth in Mahāyāna Buddhism104 Supreme Truth and Conventional Truth105 IV. Sarva-dharmāh: The Constituent Elements of Existence107 The Classification of the Constituent Elements of Existence in the Early    Canon: The Five Aggregates, Twelve Sense-Fields, and Eighteen Realms107 The Sarvāstivādin Classification of the Constituent Elements of Existence:    The Five Categories and Seventy-five Elements114 The Sarvāstivādin Theory of the Elements: The Elements Exist Eternally120 The Mahāyānist Conception of the Elements: All is Empty126 V. Transmigration, Karma, and Mental Defilements128 Transmigratory Existence: The Three Realms and Six Paths128 Karma137 Mental Defilements141 The Twelvefold Chain of Dependent Co-arising149 VI. The Path to Enlightenment163 Nirvāṇa and Enlightenment163 The Mahāyānist Conception of Nirvāṇa168 The Path to Enlightenment170 The Noble Eightfold Path172 The Three Disciplines: Morality, Meditation, and Wisdom174 Faith and Practice188 Practices for· the Welfare of Others191 The Practices of the Bodhisattva: The Six Perfections193 VII. Mind: The Agency of Practice198 No-self and Subjective Agency198 Mind (citta, manas, and vijñāna)200 Mind-only and Cognition-only205 The Innately Pure Mind and the Embryo of the Tathāgata215 Enlightenment and Salvation223 VIII. The Ideal Practitioner227 The Concept "Man"227 Ordinary Man and Holy Man228 The Stages of the Bodhisattva233 "One Vehide" and "Three Vehicles"240 IX. The Precepts and the Organization of the Community246 The Meaning of Saṃgha246 The Organization of the Community250 Community Regulations255 X. The History of Buddhism263 1. Buddhism in India and the Surrounding Lands264 The Basic Schism264 The Mauryan Dynasty and Dissemination to Sri Lanka266 The Kushan Dynasty and the Northern Tradition of Buddhism267 The Characteristics of Schismatic Buddhism268 The Birth of Mahāyāna Buddhism269 The Mādhyamika and Yogācāra Schools270 The Age of Esoteric Buddhism272 Tibetan Buddhism275 The Southern Tradition of Buddhism277 The Revival of Buddhism in India278 2. Chinese Buddhism279 The Introduction of Buddhism279 Buddhism Takes Root: The Period of the Northern and Southern    Dynasties280 The Establishment of Chinese Buddhism: The Sui and T'ang    Dynasties283 Subsequent Developments290 3. Korean Buddhism290 4. Japanese Buddhism293 The Introduction of Buddhism and Prince Shōtoku293 The Sects of the Nara Period294 The Tendai and Shingon Sects297 The Rise of the Pure Land Teachings300 The Introduction of the Zen Sects301 The Nichiren and Ji Sects303 Buddhism since the Muromachi Period305 Sources309 Select Bibliography315 General Index325 Character Index352 The Author; the Translator375
Approaching the Great Perfection	Prefacexi List of Abbreviationsxv Part I: Introduction1 Chapter One: Approaches to Enlightenment3 The Great Perfection3 Simultaneous and Gradual11 Chapter Two: Jigme Lingpa21 The Life and Education of Jigme Lingpa21 Jigme Lingpa's Works25 Chapter Three: The Longchen Nyingtig31 1. Treasure Texts31 2. Revelation, Writing, and Publishing34 3. The Contents of the Longchen Nyingtig40 Part II: Simultaneous and Gradual49 Chapter Four: Immanence and Distinction51 1. Key Concepts of the Seminal Heart51 2. Immanence54 3. Distinction56 4. Reconciling Immanence with Distinction: The Buddha Nature63 Chapter Five: The Simultaneous Approach71 1. Criticism of Causal Practice71 2. Criticism of Inferior Approaches76 3. The Rejection of Stages in Realization91 Chapter Six: The Gradual Approach93 1. Graduated Practice within the Longchen Nyingtig93 2. Levels of Realization106 Chapter Seven: Interpretation and Reconciliation115 1. Simultaneous and Gradual Realization: The Levels of Ability115 2. The Manifestation of Enlightenment: The Khyung Bird124 Chapter Eight: Conclusions129 Part III: Translations133 Technical note on the translations135 Treasure Texts 1. The Great Perfection Tantra of the Expanse of Samantabhadra's Wisdom (YLG)137 2. The Subsequent Tantra of Great Perfection Instruction (GP)148 3. Experiencing the Enlightened Mind of Samantabhadra (KGN)155 4. Distinguishing the Three Essential Points of the     Great Perfection (NSB)162 Pure Visions 5. An Aspirational Prayer for the Ground, Path, and Result(ML)167 6. Vajra Verses on the Natural State (DTK)170 Supporting Texts 7. The White Lotus (PK)173 8. The Words of the Omniscient One (KZL)208 9. The Lion's Roar That Destroys the Deviations of Renunciants Meditating on the Seminal Heart (SN)225 10. Seeing Nakedly the Natural State of the Great Perfection (NCT)235 Part IV: Critical Editions239 Technical note on the critical editions241 1. rDzogs pa chen po kun tu bzang po ye shes klong gi rgyud243 2. Man ngag rdzogs pa chen po rgyud phyi ma251 3. Kun tu bzang po'i dgongs nyams255 4. rDzogs pa chen po'i gnad gsum shan byed259 5. gZhi lam bras bu'i smon lam261 6. gNas lugs rdo rje tshig rkang263 7. rGyab brten padma dkar po264 8. Kun mkhyen zhal lung288 9. Gol shor tshar gcod sengge ngar ro300 10. rDzogs pa chen po gnas lugs cer mthong307 Appendix I311 Appendix II319 Appendix III321 Notes325 Bibliography367 Index383
Awakening the Sleeping Buddha	Introductionvii 1 Buddha Nature1 2 Bodhichitta 23 3 Reincarnation and Karma 49 4 Emptiness 85 5 Tantric Science 107 6 Transformation 123 7 Enlightenment 139 8 Mahamudra 153 Glossary 169
Açvagosha's Discourse on the Awakening of Faith in the Mahāyāna	Introduction1 Date, 2; Nativity and Peregrination, I7; Appellations, 20; Converversion, 24; Lists of Patriarchs, 32; As an Artist, 34; Works in Chinese Translations, 36; Chinese Translations of the "Discourse on the Awakening of Faith," 38; Outlines of the "Discourse on the Awakening of Faith," 41. Adoration46 Discourse48 I. Introductory, 49; II. General Statement, 52; Ill. The Explanation, 55; IV. Practice of Faith, 127; V. Benefits, 146. Glossary151 Index155
Bde gshegs snying po rigs kyi chos skor	སྔོན་གླེང་ངོ་སྤྲོད་xi དཔེ་སྐྲུན་གསལ་བཤད་xxxix ༡ བདེ་གཤེགས་སྙིང་པོ་གསལ་བར་བྱེད་པ་མཛེས་བྱེད་ཀྱི་རྒྱན། བུ་སྟོན་རིན་ཆེན་གྲུབ། 3-63 ༢ བདེ་གཤེགས་སྙིང་པོ་བསྟན་པ་ 65-69 ༣ དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་སྙིང་པོ་བསྟན་པའི་བསྟན་བཅོས་ཀྱི་མཆན་འགྲེལ། ཀརྨ་པ་མཁའ་ཁྱབ་རྡོ་རྗེ། 71-88 ༤ ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོ་རྒྱུད་བླ་མའི་བསྟན་བཅོས་ལེགས་པར་བཤད་པ། རོང་སྟོན་ཤཱཀྱ་རྒྱལ་མཚན། 89-206 ལེའུ་དང་པོ། དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་སྙིང་པོའི་ལེའུ་ 89-149 ལེའུ་གཉིས་པ། བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ལེའུ་ 150-166 ལེའུ་གསུམ་པ། ཡོན་ཏན་གྱི་ལེའུ་ 167-176 ལེའུ་བཞི་པ། དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་འཕྲིན་ལས་མཛད་པའི་ལེའུ་ 177-197 ལེའུ་ལྔ་པ། ཕན་ཡོན་གྱི་ལེའུ་ 198-206 ༥ ཆོས་དབྱིངས་བསྟོད་པའི་འགྲེལ་པ་ཆོས་ཀྱི་དབྱིངས་རྣམ་པར་ངེས་པ། ཤཱཀྱ་མཆོག་ལྡན། 207-238 ༦ རིགས་ཀྱི་སྤྱི་དོན། རྗེ་བཙུན་ཆོས་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་མཚན། 239-287 ༧ བདེ་གཤེགས་སྙིང་པོའི་སྟོང་ཐུན་ཆེན་མོ་སེངྒེའི་ང་རོ། འཇུ་མི་ཕམ་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་རྒྱ་མཚོ། 289-316 ཞུ་སྒྲིག་པའི་མཆན་317-352 ལུང་འདྲེན་ཕྱག་དཔེའི་མཚན་གཞུང་ 353-357 ཞུ་སྒྲིག་པའི་ཁུངས་བཅོལ་གྱི་ཡིག་ཆ་ཁག་359-362
Buddha Nature (Sallie King)	Prefaceix Abbreviationsxi Chapter One: Introduction 1 A. The Role of the Buddha Nature Concept 1 B. Terms 3 C. History 5 D. The Text of the Buddha Nature Treatise 23 E. The Buddha Nature Treatise and Chinese Buddhist Thought 27 Chapter Two: The Concept of Buddha Nature 29 A. Taking the Semantic Ascent 29 B. Refutation of Other Views 30 C. The Essence of Buddha Nature 40 1. The Buddha Nature as Three Causes 40 2. The Three Natures (Trisvabhāva) 42 3. Tathāgatagarbha 48 Chapter Three: Soteriology: Buddha Nature as the Practice of Buddhism 57 A. Āśrayaparāvṛtti 58 B. Dharmakāya and Nirvāṇa 65 C. Trikāya: Sambhogakāya and Nirmāṇakāya 72 D. The Relationship Between Person and Buddha 80 Chapter Four: Dereification of Self and Mind 83 A. The "Own-Nature" of Buddha Nature 83 B. Ātmapāramitā 86 C. Self 92 D. Pure Mind 92 E. Dharmakāya and "Self" 94 F. Mind 95 Chapter Five: Ontology: Monism vs. Nondualism 99 A. All Sentient Beings Possess the Buddha Nature 103 B. The Pāramitā 104 C. Śūnya-Aśūnya 107 D. Buddha Nature Exists Aboriginally 111 E. Unborn and Unchanging 112 Chapter Six: Engaging in Spiritual Cultivation 117 Chapter Seven: Buddha Nature and the Concept of Person 137 A. The Ontological-Metaphysical Dimension 139 B. The Existential Dimension 144 C. A Final Question 150 Chapter Eight: Retrospective and Prospective 153 A. Retrospective: Summary of the Text 153 B. The Buddha Nature Treatise and Chinese Buddhist Thought 156 C. Buddha Nature Thought and Western Buddhism 169 Notes 173 Glossary 185 Index 201
Buddha Nature (Shamar)	Preface by Jigme Rinpocheix Preface by the translatorxi Introduction by the translator1 Buddha Nature:13 Our Potential for Wisdom, Compassion, and Happiness Ignorance does not have a concrete beginning, but it does have an end15 Scriptural sources19 Mind, the foundation of everything21 Begin with bodhicitta25 Buddha wisdom, the true nature of mind29 The thirty-two qualities of the dharmakāya29 The ten powers (qualities 1-10)29 The four types of fearlessness (qualities 11-14)34 The eighteen qualities exclusive to buddhas37 Behavior and way of training sentient beings37 (qualities 15-20) The realization of buddhas (qualities 21-26)40 The activity of buddhas (qualities 27-29)42 The wisdom of buddhas (qualities 30-32)43 How can qualities be present but not manifest?43 The special qualities of the form kāyas46 Purification of obscurations50 The all-accomplishing wisdom52 The wisdom that knows the variety of appearances54 The wisdom of equality55 The difference between an arhat and a buddha55 The form kāyas do not resemble an ordinary body56 Ignorance and illusory appearances do not reoccur56 Buddha nature resembles gold ore57 Purification: its basis, object, method, and result58 The basis of purification58 The object of purification58 The method of purification59 The result of purification59 Concluding advice61 Revealing Buddha Nature63 A treatise by the 3rd Karmapa, Rangjung Dorje Endnotes79 About the Author83 About the Translator85
Buddha Nature Across Asia	Editor's Introduction9 1. Varieties of Early Buddha Nature Teaching in India Christopher V. Jones25 2. The Mahāyānottaratantraśāstropadeśa of Sajjana: A Reading Sanskrit Text and     Annotated Translation Kazuo Kano55 3. From Buddha Nature to Original Enlightenment: "Contemplating Suchness" in     Medieval Japan Jacqueline I. Stone93 4. How the Concepts of Buddha Nature and Original Enlightenment Were     Interpreted by Shinran Seiji Kumagai123 5. The Basis for Buddhahood: The Naturally Luminous Mind and Buddha Nature in     the Early Mahāmudrā Tradition Casey Kemp139 6. A Meditation-Oriented Approach to Buddha Nature as Seen by Early Kagyü     Masters Martina Draszczyk171 7. Preliminary Notes on the Notion of Buddha Nature in the Single Intention Katrin Querl193 8. Jigten Sumgön's View of Buddha Nature and How Confusion Distinguishes a     Sentient Being from a Buddha Khenpo Konchok Tamphel219 9. Images of Emptiness in a Prognostic Mirror: Tantric Zhentong Visions of     Tathāgatagarbha in Early Jonang Kālacakra Yoga Manuals Michael R. Sheehy229 10. Shangton Sönam Drakpa's Defense of Dölpopa Sherab Gyaltsen's Ground      Consciousness Klaus-Dieter Mathes261 11. Buddha Nature through the Eyes of Gorampa Sönam Sengé Khenpo Ngawang Jorden291 12. Buddha Nature and Selfhood: Critical Reflections by the Eighth Karmapa      Mikyö Dorjé David Higgins317 13. The Role of the Ratnagotravibhāga in Tāranātha's Great Madhyamaka Vehicle Sina Joos349 14. Empty of True Existence, Yet Full of Qualities: Ngawang Tsoknyi Gyatso on      Buddha Nature Filippo Brambilla377 15. Sentient Beings Within: Buddha Nature and the Great Perfection Douglas Duckworth423 16. The Impact of a Zhentong Interpretation of Tathāgatagarbha Doctrine from      the Point of View of a Western Buddhist Practitioner Shenpen Hookham447 About the Authors469 Index475
Buddha Nature Reconsidered	Volume One Acknowledgements11 Preface 13 Chapter 1: Introduction 27 Chapter 2: Doctrinal Background 1. Introductory remarks 57 2. An outline of buddha nature [by Karma phrin las], translation 60 3. Key points in Karma phrin las pa’s outline of buddha nature 72 3.1. Tathāgatagarbha concepts in early Indian Buddhist sources 72 3.2. Tathāgatagarbha concepts in Indo-Tibetan Mahāyāna sources73 3.3. Rang byung rdo rje’s Karma bka’ brgyud position on buddha       nature74 4. Critical edition of Karma phrin las pa’s outline of buddha nature78 Chapter 3: The Eighth Karma pa’s Central Claims About Buddha Nature 1. Introductory remarks83 2. Sixteen central claims regarding buddha nature85 2.1. Buddha nature exists equally in everyone from ordinary beings to       buddhas85 2.2. Buddha nature discourses are of definitive meaning (nītārtha)95 2.3. The “nature” (garbha) of a buddha is actual, not nominal 101 2.4. The gotra is not metaphorical (upacāra), but attributions of cause        and result are106 2.5. Buddha nature is buddhahood obscured by defilements111 2.6. The three phases of buddha nature indicate progressive degrees of        disclosure116 2.7. The classification of three vehicles has a hidden intent (ābhiprāyika);        the one vehicle (ekayāna) doctrine is definitive (lākṣaṇika)120 2.8. The unfolded gotra is the naturally present gotra awakened through        virtue131 2.9. Resultant buddha nature may be equated with dharmakāya136 2.10. Buddha nature is not emptiness as a nonaffirming negation         (med dgag)141 2.11. Buddha nature is not a basis established (gzhi grub) by valid         cognition151 2.12. The identification of buddha nature and ālayavijñāna is         provisional162 2.13. Buddha nature is not a self (coarse or subtle) but is selflessness204 2.14. Buddha nature is only fully revealed in Mantrayāna thought and         praxis226 2.15. Buddha nature is natural awareness (tha mal gyi shes pa)241 2.16. Buddha nature consists in the unity of the two truths 257 3. Conclusion276 Volume Two 1. The Lamp of Fine Discernment Regarding the Tradition of the Gzhan    stong Madhyamaka Proponents 1.1. Introduction11 1.2. Annotated Translation: The Lamp of Fine Discernment Regarding the Tradition       of the Gzhan stong Madhyamaka Proponents ('"`UNIQ--nowiki-000034A5-QINU`"'Lamp)15 1.3. Critical Edition: Dbu ma gzhan stong smra ba 'i srol legs par phye ba 'i sgron me       zhes bya ba bzhugs so ('"`UNIQ--nowiki-000034A6-QINU`"' LG)50 2. The Nerve Tonic for the Elderly 2.1. Introduction73 2.2. Annotated Translation: The Nerve Tonic for the Elderly, also known as The       Sublime Fragrance of Nectar ('"`UNIQ--nowiki-000034A7-QINU`"' Tonic)76 2.3. Critical Edition: Rgan po'i rlung sman, also known as Dpyad pa bdud dri mchog        ('"`UNIQ--nowiki-000034A8-QINU`"' GL)137 3. Buddha Nature and Dharmakāya 3.1. Introduction171 3.2. Annotated Translation: Buddha Nature and Dharmakāya: A Reply to Queries172 3.3. Critical Edition: Bde gshegs snying po dang chos sku'i dris lan174 4. Buddha Nature and Emptiness Imbued with Compassion 4.1. Introduction177 4.2. Annotated Translation of an Excerpt from Mi bskyod rdo rje's Single Intent       Commentary (Intent) on 'Jig rten gsum mgon's Single Intent (Dgongs gcig) Vajra       Precepts 1.27–28178 4.3. Critical Edition: Dgongs gcig kar ṭīg ('"`UNIQ--nowiki-000034A9-QINU`"' GC) excerpt188 5. Buddha Nature and the Substratum 5.1. Introduction197 5.2. Annotated Translation of an Excerpt from Mi bskyod rdo rje's Single Intent       Commentary on 'Jig rten gsum mgon's Single Intent Vajra Precept 8.36197 5.3. Critical Edition: Dgongs gcig kar ṭīg excerpt230 6. Buddha Nature and the Two Truths 6.1. Introduction to Excerpts [A-B] from Mi bskyod rdo rje's Explanation of the       Direct Introduction to the Three Embodiments ('"`UNIQ--nowiki-000034AA-QINU`"' Embodiments)255 6.2. Annotated Translation [A]: On the Unity of the Two Truths258 6.3. Critical Edition [A]: Sku gsum ngo sprod rnam bshad ('"`UNIQ--nowiki-000034AB-QINU`"' KN) excerpt268 6.4. Annotated Translation [B]: On Buddha Nature in the Context of the Two       Truths277 6.5. Critical Edition [B]: Sku gsum ngo sprod rnam bshad excerpt287 7. Buddha Nature and the Tantric Causal Continuum 7.1. Introduction to Excerpts [A–D] from Mi bskyod rdo rje's Explanation of the       Direct Introduction to the Three Embodiments295 7.2. Annotated Translation [A]: On the Connection Between the Three       Continua297 7.3. Critical Edition [A]: Sku gsum ngo sprod rnam bshad excerpt305 7.4. Annotated Translation [B]: On the Refutation of Other Views of the       Causal Continuum312 7.5. Critical Edition [B]: Sku gsum ngo sprod rnam bshad excerpt328 7.6. Annotated Translation [C]: On the Presentation of Our Own System339 7.7. Critical Edition [C]: Sku gsum ngo sprod rnam bshad excerpt345 7.8. Annotated Translation [D]: On the Purity of the Causal Continuum347 7.9. Critical Edition [D]: Sku gsum ngo sprod rnam bshad excerpt351 8. Buddha Nature and the Tantric Path Continuum 8.1. Introduction to Excerpts [A–B] from Mi bskyod rdo rje's Explanation of the       Direct Introduction to the Three Embodiments355 8.2. Annotated Translation [A]: On Buddha Nature's Inherent Qualities357 8.3. Critical Edition [A]: Sku gsum ngo sprod rnam bshad excerpt366 8.4. Annotated Translation [B]: On the Summary of the Creation and the       Completion Stages371 8.5. Critical Edition [B]: Sku gsum ngo sprod rnam bshad excerpt377 9. Buddha Nature and the Tantric Resultant Continuum 9.1. Introduction381 9.2. Annotated Translation: Excerpt on Buddha Nature, the Tantric Resultant       Continuum from Mi bskyod rdo rje's Explanation of the Direct Introduction       to the Three Embodiments382 9.3. Critical Edition: Sku gsum ngo sprod rnam bshad excerpt390 Bibliography Abbreviations of Collections, Editions, and Institutes397 Primary Sources: Indian Works397 Primary Sources: Tibetan Works404 Secondary Sources416 Index433
Buddha Nature Sutras	Table of Contents for the Nirvana Sutra Chapter One: IntroductoryV1 Chapter Two: On CundaV58 Chapter Three: On GriefV93 Chapter Four: On Long LifeV136 Chapter Five: On the Adamantine BodyV179 Chapter Six: On the Virtue of the NameV199 Chapter Seven: On the Four AspectsV204 Chapter Eight: On the Four DependablesV321 Chapter Nine: On Wrong and RightV373 Chapter Ten: On the Four TruthsV408 Chapter Eleven: On the Four lnversionsV413 Chapter Twelve: On the Nature of the TathāgataV417 Chapter Thirteen: On LettersV465 Chapter Fourteen: On the Parable of the BirdsV479 Chapter Fifteen: On the Parable of the MoonV494 Chapter Sixteen: On the BodhisattvaV505 Chapter Seventeen: On the Questions Raised by the CrowdV559 Table of Contents for the Srimaladevi Sutra Chapter 1: Praises of the unlimited merit of the World Honored OneV1 Chapter 2: The ten inconceivable Bodhisattva vowsV8 Chapter 3: The great aspiration that contains all aspirationsV21 Chapter 4: The inconceivable acceptance of the Correct DharmaV23 Chapter 5: The way to enter the EkayanaV52 Chapter 6: The limitless Noble truthsV88 Chapter 7: The TathagatagarbhaV91 Chapter 8: The DharmakayaV96 Chapter 9: The true understanding of the meaning of emptinessV97 Chapter 10: The One TruthV99 Chapter 11: The One Refuge is eternal and unchangingV100 Chapter 12: The wrong viewsV100 Chapter 13: The inherently pure mind that is obscured by defilementsV105 Chapter 14: The True Sons and Daughters of the World Honored OneV111 Chapter 15: Queen Srimala and her Lion's roarV113 Table of Contents for the Infinite Life Sutra The Assembly of Shravakas and BodhisattvasV1 The deeds and virtues of the BodhisattvasV4 The Buddha's glorious ImageV20 The prior fifty three BuddhasV27 Dharmakara's hymns, praises, and vowsV28 Dharmakara aspires to establish a Buddha landV40 Dharmakara's forty eight vowsV49 Dharmakara confirms his vows and resolutionV98 Dharmakara's Bodhisattva practices and meritsV105 Dharmakara becomes Amitabha BuddhaV112 Description of Amitabha Buddha's Pure Land V114 Amitabha's beautiful lightV118
Buddha Nature and Animality	Acknowledgementsv Contributorsix Introduction: Toward an Ecology of Compassion—Homo Specialis, Animality, and Buddha-Nature David Jones1 Buddha Animals Jason M. Wirth13 Jataka, Pancatantra, and the Rhetoric of Animalia in South Asia Thomas A. Forsthoefel23 Buddha-nature and Bodhicitta: Animals and Humans in Dramatic Ensembles Intent upon Enlightenment Peter D. Hershock41 Animal Forms and Formlessness: The Protean Quality of Buddha Nature in Chinese Martial Arts Harriette Grissom59 Does a Dog See Into its Buddha-Nature? Re-posing the Question of Animality/Humanity in Zen Buddhism Bret W. Davis83 Asking the Question: Do Animals Have Buddha-Nature Thomas Pynn127 Zen Eye Hunter, Zen Eye Hunted: Revealing the Animal Face of Buddha-Nature Brian Schroeder149 One Cell, Symbiosis, and the Buddha's Broken Karmic Wheel: A Legacy of an Ancient Bacterium Keiko Takioto Miller165 Animality and Desire in the Buddhist Monastic Code Jennifer L. Manlowe185 Animal Buddhas David Jones195 Index205
Buddha Nature and Preliminary Prayers and Their Explanations	Chapter 1: Buddha Nature1 Chapter 2: Preliminary Prayers & Their Explanations: (1) Refuge Prayer27 (2) Prayer to Develop Bodhicitta27 (3) The Four Immeasurables Prayer56 (4) The Seven-Limbs Prayer65
Buddha Nature: A Festschrift in Honor of Minoru Kiyota	Preface: The Making of a Modern Buddhologistv Introduction1 José Ignacio Cabezón "The Canonization of Philosophy and the Rhetoric of Siddhānta in Tibetan Buddhism"7 Roger Gregory-Tashi Corless "Lying to Tell the Truth—Upāya in Mahāyāna Buddhism and Oikonomia in Alexandrian Christianity"27 Paul J. Griffiths "Painting Space with Colors: Tathagātagarbha in the Mahāyānasūttrālaṅkāra-Corpus IX.22-37"41 William G. Grosnick "Buddha Nature as Myth"65 Jamie Hubbard "Perfect Buddhahood, Absolute Delusion—The Universal Buddha of the San-chieh-chiao"75 Roger R. Jackson "Luminous Mind. Among the Logicians—An Analysis of Pramāṇavārttika II.205-211"95 John P. Keenan "The Doctrine of Buddha Nature In Chinese Buddhism—Hui-K'ai on Paramārtha"125 Sallie B. King "Buddha Nature Thought and Mysticism"139 Heng-ching Shih "T'ien-T'ai Chih-I's Theory of Buddha Nature—A Realistic and Humanistic Understanding of the Buddha"153 Paul L Swanson "T'ien-t'ai Chih-i's Concept of Threefold Buddha Nature—A Synergy of Reality, Wisdom, and Practice"171 Contributors183 Index185
Buddha Nature: Ten Teachings on the Uttaratantra Shastra	Foreword7 Introduction9 The Buddha21 The Dharma37 The Sangha47 Buddha Nature47 Enlightenment91 Qualities105 Buddha Activity121 Conclusion133 Glossary137
Buddha Nature: The Mahayana Uttaratantra Shastra	Foreword by Tenzin Dorjee 8 Preface by Rosemarie Fuchs 10 Introduction by Acharya Lodrö Namgyal 12 Part One: Root Text 17 1. Tathagatagarbha 19 Introduction 19 The First Three Vajra Points: The Three Jewels 20 Buddha 20 Dharma 20 Sangha 21 The Three Refuges 22 The Last Four Vajra Points 22 The Fourth Vajra Point: The Element 23 2. The Fifth Vajra Point: Enlightenment 43 3. The Sixth Vajra Point: Qualities 53 4. The Seventh Vajra Point: Activity 59 5. Benefit 73 Part Two: Commentary, The Unassailable Lion’s Roar 79 Table of Contents 81 1. Tathagatagarbha 97 Introduction 97 The First Three Vajra Points: The Three Jewels 101 The First Vajra Point: Buddha 101 The Second Vajra Point: Dharma 105 The Third Vajra Point: Sangha 108 The Three Refuges 112 The Last Four Vajra Points 114 The Fourth Vajra Point: The Element 117 2. The Fifth Vajra Point: Enlightenment 182 3. The Sixth Vajra Point: Qualities 218 4. The Seventh Vajra Point: Activity 238 5. Benefit 283 Part Three: Explanations by Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche 299 Part Four: Translator’s Notes 391
Buddha-Nature and Emptiness	PREFACE Introduction i PART I: Historical and Doctrinal Background 5 Chapter 1: The Authorship of the Ratnagotravibhāga and Its Transmission in India from the 5th to the 10th Century 17 Chapter 2: The Resurrection of the Ratnagotravibhāga in India in the Early 11th Century: Maitripa and Jñānasrimitra 43 Chapter 3: Ratnakarasanti’s Understanding of Buddha-nature 71 Chapter 4: The Transmission of the Ratnagotravibhāga in East India from the 11th to the 13th Century: From Prajñākaramati to Vibhūticandra 97 Chapter 5: The Kashmiri Tradition of the Ratnagotravibhāga Exegesis in the 11th and 12th Centuries: Sajjana and his Circle 135 Chapter 6: Six Tibetan Translations of the Ratnagotravibhāga 155 Conclusion 181 PART II: rNgog Blo-ldan-shes-rab and His Doctrinal Position 189 Chapter 7: The Life and Works of rNgog Blo-ldan-shes-rab 191 Chapter 8: rNgog’s Doctrinal Positions in Relation to Sajjana’s and His Commentarial Style 211 Chapter 9: rNgog’s rGyud bla ma'i don bsdus pa as a Reflection of His Own Doctrinal Position 241 Conclusion 277 PART III: rNgog’s Impact on Later Developments 283 Chapter 10: rNgog’s Impact on Doctrinal Developments from the 11th to the Early 14th Century 285 Chapter 11: rNgog’s Impact on Doctrinal Developments from the Late 14th to the 16th Century 345 Conclusion 379 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS 383 Resituating rNgog’s Position in a Wider Context 385 APPENDICES 393 Appendix A: A Topical Outline of the rGyud bla ma'i don bsdus pa 395 Appendix B: A List of Commentaries of the Ratnagotravibhāga 405 ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES 415 INDICES 461
Buddha-Nature and a Dialectic of Presence and Absence in the Works of Mi-pham	Abstracti Acknowledgementsiii Introduction1 Historical Context1 Monastic Colleges and Buddhist Education9 Epistemology and Negative Dialectics13 Buddha-Nature15 Summary of Contents18 Interpretive Context24 Chapter 1: Buddha-Nature and the Unity of the Two Truths27 Introduction27 Mi-pham's Synthesis31 Two Truths35 Buddha-Nature as the Unity of Appearance and Emptiness45 Buddha-Nature as the Definitive Meaning56 Conclusion63 Chapter 2: Yogācāra, Prāsaṅgika, and the Middle Way64 Introduction64 Middle Way and Mind-Only64 Foundations of Yogācāra67 Svātantrika-Prāsaṅgika73 Dialectical Ascent90 Conclusion99 Chapter 3: The Present Absence101 Introduction101 Other-Emptiness in the Jo-nang102 Other-Emptiness and the Nying-ma: Lo-chen Dharma Śrī115 Another Emptiness? Emptiness of Self/Other122 Delineating Phenomena and Suchness125 Delineating Emptiness135 Emptiness as the Unity of Appearance and Emptiness141 Conclusion149 Chapter 4: Buddha—Nature and the Indivisible Ground and Fruition151 Introduction151 Delineating the Views on Buddha-Nature151 Buddha-Nature as Heritage, Buddha-Nature as the Ground160 Delineating Appearance and Reality170 Establishing Buddha-Nature: The Immanent Buddha180 Establishing Appearances as Divine189 Buddha-Nature and a Difference Between Sūtra and Mantra200 Buddha-Nature as the Ground of the Great Perfection212 Conclusion214 Concluding Remarks216 Document 1221 Introduction221 Lion's Roar: Exposition of Buddha-Nature221 1. Stating Other Traditions224 2. Presenting Our Own Authentic Tradition228 1. The Meaning of the First Verse “Because the body of the perfect Buddha is radiant”228 2. The Meaning of the Second Verse “Because suchness is indivisible”235 3. The Meaning of the Third Verse “Because of possessing heritage”239 1. Refuting the View that (the Basic Element) is Truly Established and Not Empty245 2. Refuting the View that (the Basic Element) is a Void Emptiness247 3. Refuting the Apprehension of (the Basic Element) as Impermanent and Conditioned248 Document 2261 Introduction261 Notes on the Essential Points of (Mi-pham's) Exposition (of Buddha-Nature)261 Document 3272 Introduction272 Excerpt from Roar of the Fearless Lion (48.2-97.4)272 1. The Subject of the Extensive Discussion Here, an Explanation of the Progression of Profound Points of the Ground, Path, and Fruition of the Sūtra Perfection Vehicle273 1. The Manner of the Teaching of the Profound Abiding Reality of the Definitive Meaning of the Perfection Vehicle274 1. The Progression of the Wheels of Doctrine which are the Means of Teaching the Definitive Meaning of the Abiding Reality274 1. The Wheels of Doctrine Indicated in the Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra274 1. Presenting Scripture274 2. Establishing the Reason for That Being the Way It Is279 2. The Wheels of Doctrine Indicated in the Dhāraṇīśvararājaparipṛcchā289 1. Presenting Scripture289 2. Establishing (the Reason for That Being) the Way It Is293 3. In Accord with That, the Way They are Indicated in the Nirvāṇa (sūtra) and so forth296 1. Presenting Scripture296 1. Presenting Scripture from the Nirvāṇasūtra296 2. Presenting Scripture from the Aṅgulimālīyasūtra298 2. Establishing through Reasoning That Being the Way It Is300 3. An Appended Identification of the Scriptural Collections of Definitive Meaning306 2. The Way that These Commentaries on Buddha’s Viewpoint are Supreme307 Bibliography313 Tibetan Sources313 Non-Tibetan Sources318
Buddha-Nature: Mahayana-Uttaratantra-Shastra (Khyentse Commentary)	Introduction and Preliminaries 1 2003 Teachings: Day 1 – Introduction 1 Day 2 – Introduction 8 The First Vajra Point: Buddha 13 The Second Vajra Point: Dharma 20 The Third Vajra Point: Sangha 24 Day 3 – Introduction 26 The Three Refuges 29 The Last Four Vajra Points 33 The Four Paradoxes 34 The Fourth Vajra Point: The Element 37 Day 4 – Introduction 38 The Ten Aspects (of Buddha-nature) 40 #1: Essence 41 #2: Cause 42 The four obscurations that wrap the kham 43 #3: Result 44 #4: Action/Function 48 #5: Container/Endowment 49 #6: Entry 50 #7: Occasions 51 #8: All-pervasive 52 #9: Unchanging 53 Day 5 – Introduction 61 The example of the lotus growing in the water 63 #10: Inseparable 70 The example of the sun and its rays 70 The example of the painters 73 Day 6 – Introduction 76 The Nine Examples (of essence and defilements) 78 Example #1: The Buddha and the Lotus 79 Example #2: The Honey and the Bees 81 Example #3: The Grain and the Husk 82 Example #4: The Gold and the Filth 83 Day 7 – Introduction 88 Example #5: The Treasure and the Earth 90 Example #6: The Shoot and the Fruit-skin 92 Example #7: The Statue and the Tattered Rag 93 Example #8: The Chakravartin and the Woman 95 Example #9: The Golden Image and the Clay Mould 96 Day 8 – Introduction 99 Day 9 – Introduction 113 The Fifth Vajra Point – Enlightenment 127 2004 Teachings: Day 1 – Introduction 133 Day 2 – Introduction 150 Day 3 – Introduction 169 The Sixth Vajra Point: Qualities 180 The Ten Powers 182 The Four Fearlessnesses 186 Day 4 – Introduction 188 The Eighteen Distinctive Qualities 190 The Fruit of Maturation (the 32 Major Marks) 193 How the examples and the qualities complement each other 199 The Seventh Vajra Point: Activity 206 Day 5 – Introduction 206 The Nine Examples for the Buddha’s Activity 216 Example #1: Indra’s Reflection On The Lapis Lazuli Floor 217 Day 6 – Introduction 219 Example #2: The Heavenly Drum 225 Example #3: The Cloud 232 Day 7 – Introduction 236 Example #4: Brahma 239 Example #5: The Sun 242 Example #6: The Wishfulfilling Jewel 247 Day 8 – Introduction 249 Example #7: The Echo 250 Example #8: The Sky/Space 251 Example #9: The Earth 252 Day 9 – Introduction 261 Day 10 – Introduction 276 Questions & Answers 287 The Fourth Vajra Point: The Element 287 Do animals have Buddha-nature? 287 Do plants and stones have Buddha-nature? 287 Kham and Buddha-nature 293 Kham and the gross & subtle elements 295 Buddha-nature, mind & wisdom 297 The Fifth Vajra Point: Enlightenment 299 Is Buddha-nature permanent? 299 Is Buddha-nature uncompounded? 302 The Sixth Vajra Point: Qualities 306 The 32 major marks 306 The activity of the nirmanakaya 313 The Seventh Vajra Point: Activity 315 The reflection in the lapis lazuli floor 315 Effortlessness 320 View and Path 322 Blessings & genuine heart of sadness 322 How does prayer work? 324 Uttaratantra and the Vajrayana 325 Why does the path have two accumulations? 327 Defilements, emotions & the origin of suffering 328 Are there other sentient beings? 337 Study & Practice 338 Buddha-nature & atman in Hinduism 347 Practice and the Four Seals 350 Tibetan Words & Phrases 351 Index 367
Buddha-Nature: The Mahayana Uttara Tantra Shastra: Maitreya's Root Text and Asanga's Commentary	INTRODUCTION TO THE USAT STUDY PROGRAM AND THE BUDDHA-NATURE TEACHINGS:III CLASS 1. [MUTS01/00:00]1 (#1)1 VERSE 1: THE CONTENTS OF THE WORK9 VERSE 2: THE SEVEN SUBJECTS ACCORDING TO THE DHARANISVARA-RAJA-PARIPRCCHA10 CLASS 2: [MUTS01/41:20]11 VERSE 3: THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE SEVEN SUBJECTS11 (#2)12 THE JEWEL OF THE BUDDHA17 VERSE 417 VERSE 517 VERSE 617 VERSE 717 VERSE 817 (#3)24 CLASS 3 [MUTS03/0:00]25 CLASS 4: [MUTS03/41:50]39 (#4)39 CLASS 5. [MUTS04/34:55]51 THE JEWEL OF THE DOCTRINE51 VERSE 951 (#5)53 VERSE 1055 CLASS 6. [MUTS05/24:50]59 (#6)64 CLASS 6 OPTIONAL: MAHAYANA PRECEPTS [MUTS06/08:00]67 CLASS 6 OPTIONAL: MINDFULNESS OF BREATHING MEDITATION [MUTS06/37:00 TO 38:45]72 CLASS 7. [MUTS06/38:53]73 VERSE 1173 VERSE 1274 (#7)74 VERSE 1375 THE JEWEL OF THE CONGREGATION:75 VERSE 1479 VERSE 15. THE SAINT’S KNOWLEDGE OF THE ABSOLUTE TRUTH80 VERSE 16. THE EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE SAINTS81 CLASS 8. [MUTS07/28:25]83 (#8)87 VERSE 17. THE PERCEPTION OF THE SAINTS IS INTROSPECTIVE KNOWLEDGE88 VERSE 1889 CLASS 9. [MUTS08/25:30]95 VERSE 1995 THE DOCTRINE AND THE CONGREGATION ARE NOT REFUGES IN THE ULTIMATE SENSE97 VERSE 2097 (#9)102 CLASS 10. [MUTS09/13:30]107 THE BUDDHA IS THE UNIQUE ABSOLUTE REFUGE:109 VERSE 21109 THE MEANING OF "THE 3 JEWELS":110 VERSE 22110 (#10)113 CLASS 11. [MUTS10/22:10]121 PART 2: THE BASIS FOR THIS ACHIEVEMENT121 GENERAL COMMENT ON THE LAST 4 VAJRA TOPICS121 (1) THE POTENTIAL [ED. OBERMILLER USES "GERM", BUT RINPOCHE USES POTENTIAL], (2) ENLIGHTENMENT, (3) THE ATTRIBUTES, AND (4) THE ACTS OF THE BUDDHA, IN THEIR INCONCEIVABLE NATURE:121 VERSE 23121 (#11)128 CLASS 12. [MUTS11/18:45]135 VERSE 24135 VERSE 25135 (#12)143 THE POTENTIAL AND THE 3 OTHER SUBJECTS AS THE CAUSE AND CONDITIONS OF BUDDHAHOOD147 VERSE 26147 CLASS 13. [MUTS12/15:55]149 THE 4TH VAJRA TOPIC: THE BUDDHA-NATURE:149 THE POTENTIAL OF THE ABSOLUTE:149 VERSE 27149 VERSE 28153 ANALYSIS OF THE (POTENTIAL, ESSENCE) FROM 10 POINTS OF VIEW:154 SUMMARY:154 VERSE 29154 THE ESSENCE OF THE SEED (1) AND THE CAUSES OF ITS PURIFICATION (2)156 VERSE 30156 VERSE 31158 APPENDIX A: MAHAYANA FAST DAY VOWS159 INDEX163 GLOSSARY166
Buddha-Nature: Through the Eyes of Go rams pa Bsod nams seng ge in Fifteenth-Century Tibet	ABSTRACTiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSviii INTRODUCTION1 General Introduction1 Past Scholarship and Dissertation Focus4 Research Strategy and Methodology8 Introduction to the Sdom Gsum Kha Skong10 The Topical Outline of the First Chapter of the Sdom Gsum Kha Skong13 CHAPTER I - BRIEF HISTORY OF THE SA SKYA SCHOOL20 'Khon Family Lineage20 Sa chen Kun-dga’ snying-po22 Slob-dpon Rin-po-che Bsod nams rtse mo24 Rje btsun Rin po che Grags pa rgyal mtshan25 Sa skya Pandita Kun dga' rgyal mtshan26 'Gro mgon Chos rgyal 'Phags pa30 Ngor E wam Chos Idan and Ngor chen Kun dga' bzang po33 Nalendra and Rong ston Shes bya kun rig34 The Tshar pa and Tshar chen Blo gsal rgya mtsho35 Other Important Monasteries37 Sa Skya College in India39 CHAPTER II - BIOGRAPHY OF GO RAMS PA42 Accounts of Go rams pa's Life42 Go rams pa's Birth43 Entering into the Religious Life and Early Studies44 Youthful Travels and Studies in Central Tibet45 Higher Studies with Many Great Masters46 Receiving Ordination of a Full Monk (Bhiksu)50 Persuaded from Returning Home50 Propagating the Teachings of Buddha52 Establishment of a Monastic College57 His Death and Relics59 His Disciples64 CHAPTER III - GO RAMS PA'S OBJECTS OF REFUTATION66 PART I66 Identification of the Objects of Refutations69 Rgyal tshab and His Followers69 Claimed Followers of Rong ston73 Bus ton, Shākya Mchog Idan and Their Followers74 Mang thos's Interpretation of Go rams pa's Thought80 Go rams pa's own Interpretation82 Hypothetical Questions83 Mang thos's Understanding of Go rams pa's Intention84 The Two Purities are Mutually Exclusive85 CHAPTER IV - GO RAMS PA'S REFUTATION OF JO NANG PA ON BUDDHA-NATURE89 PART II89 Refutation of Truly Existing Buddha-nature89 History of the Jo nang pa Tradition90 A Summary of Jo nang pa's Gzhan stong Theory93 Positioning Jo nang pa School95 Distinction between Rang stong and Gzhan stong102 Meaning of the Non-differentiation of the Basis and the Result103 Claiming their Assertion to be in accord with Sūtras and Śāstras103 Classification of Real and Imputation110 Demonstrating the Classification of Real and Imputation with Examples110 Claiming All Three Tantras to be Valid111 Refutation of ways in which they accept the result116 Refutation of the Ontology: Contradiction with Definitive Treatises118 Contradiction with the logical reasons which refutes Realists118 Contradiction with the Sequence of the Turning the Wheel of Dharma120 Contradiction to the Intent of Sūtra, Tantra and Śāstra122 Illustrating the Reasons of Investigation without Bias123 Essence of the Important Points in Brief124 CONCLUSION125 Ascertainment with evidence128 APPENDICES130 Appendix A: The text of sdom gsum kha skong's first chapter on basis (gzhi) and its translation130 Note on the Versification130 The Text and Translation130 Appendix B: Go rams pa's writings181 Volume I182 Volume II187 Volume III188 Volume IV189 Volume V194 List of his works arranged by subjects198 On the Hevajra Tantra:198 On the Cakrasamvara Tantra:200 On the Guhyasamāja Tantra:200 On the Vajrabhairava Teaching:201 On the Yoga Tantra:201 On the Prajñāpāramitā:201 On the Ratnagotravibhāga of Maitreya:201 On the Logic and Epistemology (Pramāṇa):202 On the Madhyamaka Philosophy:202 On the Three Sets of Vows:202 On the Yoga Tantra:203 Various Praises, Prayers and Answers to some Questions203 BIBLIOGRAPHY208 Primary Sources and Translations; Sūtras and Tantras208 Commentaries and Philosophical Treatises209 Primary Sources of Works by Tibetans212 Secondary Sources215
Buddhahood Without Meditation	List of Illustrationsviii Introduction by Chagdud Tulkuix Translator’s Notexxi Buddhahood Without Meditation: Tibetan text and translation1 Afterword by His Holiness Dudjom Rinpoche179 Structural Analysis and Outline by His Holiness Dudjom Rinpoche183 Glossary223
Buddhism's Journey to Tibet	Foreword by Yangsi Kalu Rinpochéxi Translator's Introduction1 An Overview of The Treasury of Knowledge4 Jamgön Kongtrul and the Purpose of The Treasury of Knowledge9 Kalu Rinpoché and the Purpose of the Translation of The Treasury of Knowledge18 Paying for the Translation of The Treasury of Knowledge26 The Treasury in Translation33 Translating and Reading Buddhism's Journey to Tibet35 Acknowledgments38 Book Two: The Light of the World41 1: Our Teacher's Path to Awakening43 2: The Buddha's Enlightenment61 3: The Buddha's Twelve Deeds75 4: Enlightenment's Bodies and Pure Realms93 Book Three: What the Buddha Taught113 1: What Are the Sacred Teachings?115 2: Cycles of Scriptural Transmission145 3: Compilations of the Buddha's Word167 4: The Origins of the Early Translations' Ancient Tradition183 Book Four: Buddhism Resplendent in the World197 1: Buddhism in the Land of Exalted Beings199 2: How Buddhist Monastic Discipline and Scriptural Transmissions Came to Tibet235 3: The History of Lineages of Meditation Practice in Tibet, the Eight Major Chariots321 4: A History of Buddhist Culture377 Appendix 1: The Root Text of Books Two, Three, and Four437 Appendix 2: The Outline of Books Two, Three, and Four479 Translator's Postscript: Reflections on Each Chapter491 Myriad Worlds Revisited491 Book Two: The Light of the World495 1: Our Teacher's Path to Awakening495 2: The Buddha's Enlightenment500 3: The Buddha's Twelve Deeds509 4: Enlightenment's Bodies and Pure Realms513 Book Three: What the Buddha Taught519 1: What Are the Sacred Teachings?519 2: Cycles of Scriptural Transmission528 3: Compilations of the Buddha's Word536 4: The Origins of the Early Translations' Ancient Tradition538 Book Four: Buddhism Resplendent in the World546 1: Buddhism in the Land of Exalted Beings546 2: How Buddhist Monastic Discipline and Scriptural Transmissions Came to Tibet551 3: The History of Lineages of Meditation Practice in Tibet, the Eight Major Chariots577 4: A History of Buddhist Culture597 Bibliography605 List of Names609 List of Names of Nonhuman Beings633 List of Place Names639 List of Texts Cited645 Subject Index663
Buddhist Cosmic Unity	Foreword vii Preface ix Introduction 3 Textual History 3 Doctrine 14 Edition and Translation 55 Appendices 135 1: Is the Mind Originally Pure or is it Luminous? 135 2: On amuktajña 141 3: *Sāramati 149 4: Reading Text and Translation 159 5: A Hypothetical Reconstruction of an Indic Form of the AAN 181 6: Citations of the AAN 191 Literature 219 Indices 241
Buddhist Faith and Sudden Enlightenment	Prefacevii Introduction1 PART ONE: FAITH 1. The Primacy of Faith in Buddhism11 2. Patriarchal Faith and Doctrinal Faith19 3. Buddha-nature and Patriarchal Faith25 4. Essence-Function versus Subject-Object Constructions35 5. Nonbacksliding Faith and Backsliding Faith43 6. The Two Truths and Skill-in-Means49 PART TWO: PRACTICE 7. The Unity of Faith and Enlightenment in Practice55 8. Bodhidharma's Wall Meditation59 9. Questioning Meditation and the Dynamics of Faith66 10.Practice in the Treatise on Awakening Mahayana Faith78 11. Faith and Practice in Pure Land Buddhism90 12. Faith as the Practice of Compassion96 PART THREE: ENLIGHTENMENT 13. Sudden Enlightenment and Gradual Practice105 14. Faith and Enlightenment in the Hua-yen Sutra110 15. Kkaech'im: The Experience of Brokenness123 16. Revolution of the Basis126 17. The Three Gates133 Conclusion137 Abbreviations145 Notes147 Glossary of Chinese Characters159 Bibliography169 Index205
Buddhist Philosophy and Meditation Practice	Preface Table of Contents Introduction Buddhist Philosophy and Meditation Practice 1. Jason Siff: Language and Meditation3 2. Jongmyung Kim: Thought and Praxis in Contemporary Korean Buddhism:    A Critical Examination14 3. Ven. Jinwol Lee: Ganhwaseon (看話禪) in Korea:     From a Seon Practitioner’s Perspective28 4. Prof. Robert E. Buswell, Jr: The Transformation of Doubt (Ǔijǒng 疑情)     in Kanhwa Sǒn 看話禪: The Testimony of Gaofeng     Yuanmiao 高峰原妙 (1238-1295)34 5. Tadeusz Skorupski: Consciousness and Luminosity in Indian and     Tibetan Buddhism]43 6. James Blumenthal: Śamatha and its Relation to the Mundane and     Supra-mundane Paths According to Geluk Traditions of Tibetan Buddhism65 7. Kyaw, Pyi Phyo: The Paṭṭhāna (Conditional Relations) and Buddhist     Meditation Application of the Teachings in the Paṭṭhāna in Insight     (Vipassanā) Meditation Practice72 8. Lei Xiaoli (Ph.D Candidate): A Study on the Development of     Meditation in Theravada Buddhism and Chinese Buddhism88 9. Kanae Kawamoto: Pragmatic Benefits and Concentration through     Ānāpānasati Meditation98 10. Dr. H. M. Mahinda Herath: Theravada Philosophical Exposition of the      Supramundane (Lokuttara) State104 11. Thomas A C Weiser: Three Practices of the Four Foundations of      Mindfulness: An Investigation in Comparative Soteriology111 12. Professor Angraj Chaudhary: The Philosophy of Suffering and the Practice      of Vipassana128 13. Joel Walmsley & Ira Greenberg: Mind, Death and Supervenience:      Towards a Comparative Dialogue134 14. Jeff Waistell: Mindfulness Meditation and Praxis149 15. Charles Pyle: A Strategic Perspective on Buddhist Meditation158 16. Jim Rheingans: Communicating the Innate: Observations on Teacher-Student      Interaction in the Tibetan Mahāmudrā Instructions177 17. Sumi Lee: Searching for a Possibility of Buddhist Hermeneutics:      Two Exegetic Strategies in Buddhist Tradition202 18. Khristos Nizamis: The Mind’s 'I' in Meditation : Early Pāli Buddhadhamma:      and Transcendental Phenomenology in Mutual Reflection212 19. Apisin Sivayathorn & Apichai Puntasen: Is It True That Buddhism is      Mind-Based Science?239 20. Karin Meyers: The Pleasant Way: The Dhyāna-s, Insight and the Path      according to the Abhidharmakośa259 21. Thanaphon Cheungsirakulvit: Buddhadāsa's Poetry: the Object of      Contemplation on Emptiness278 22. Prof. Yasanjali Devika Jayatilleke: An Anthropological Study on the Rituals      Pertaining to Life Crises Events among Sri Lankan Buddhists314 23. Dr. Mark Owen: The Philosophical Foundations of the Tibetan      Buddhist Practice of Bodily Preservation324 24. Bethany Lowe: Dangerous Dharma, Death, and Depression:      The Importance of 'Right View' for Practicing Contemplation within a      Western Buddhist Tradition343 25. Venerable Bhikkhuni Anula Devi: The Practical approach to the      Enlightenment through the Buddhist Meditation362 26. Dr. Wangchuk Dorjee Negi: Buddhist Meditation Practices370 27. Dr Sarah Shaw : Breathing Mindfulness: Text and Practice378 28. Nuengfa Nawaboonniyom & Apichai Puntasen: The Training of      Satipaṭṭhāna related to 15 Caraṇas and 8 Vijjās391 29. Giuliana Martini: Transcending the Limiting Power of Karma      The Early Buddhist Appamāṇas413 30. Ven. Dr. Yuanci: A Study of the Meditation Methods in the DESM      and Other Early Chinese Texts438 31. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Uma Shankar: The Philosophical Perspectives in the      Meditational practices of Tantric Buddhism466
Buddhist Texts Through the Ages	Introduction First Part THE TEACHING OF THE ELDERS By I. B. Horner THE SAMGHA17 THE ORDER OF MONKS AND NUNS Conversion of Anathapindika 17 Conversion of General Siha 20 Ordination of Pajapati the Great 23 Visakha, the Laywoman Supporter 26 Schism 28 SKILL IN MEANS 33 ARAHANTS 42 THE BUDDHIST APOCALYPSE 45 THE DHAMMA51 THE FIVE FACULTIES The Five Faculties collectively 51 The Five Faculties separately 52 Faith 52 Vigour 54 Mindfulness 56 Concentration 60 Wisdom 64 CONDITIONED GENESIS Conditioned Genesis collectively 65 Cond:tioned Genesis separately 70 Ignorance 70 Consciousness 70 Feelng 72 Craving 73 Grasping 74 Birth, Ageing and Dying 76 THE OBJECT OF WISDOM Crossing Over 82 Emptiness 90 Nirvana 92 THE BUDDHA AND TATHAGATA103 Second Part THE MAHAYANA By Edward Conze BASIC NOTIONS119 CRITICISM OF THE HINAYANA POSITION Bodhisattvas and Disciples 119 The Conversion of Sariputra 120 The two Nirvanas 124 THE BODHISATTVA Descriptions 127 His Infinite Compassion 131 The Dedication of Merit 132 THE SIX PERFECTIONS Definition 135 The six Perfections and the Body 136 The Perfection of Giving 136 The Perfection of Patience 137 The Perfection of Meditation 138 THE BUDDHA The Tathagata as a Rain-cloud 139 The real Buddha 140 The Tathagatas' Coming and Going 143 The Dharma-body 143 Tathagata and Suchness 144 The 18 special dharmas of a Buddha 145 NEW WISDOM SCHOOL146 THE PERFECTION OF WISDOM 146 THE ELUSIVENESS OF PERFECT WISDOM 149 THE DOCTRINE OF PERFECT WISDOM 152 EMPTINESS Preliminary Meditations 158 Definitions and Synonyms of Emptiness 163 Negations 172 Contradictions 175 Unreality of the World 177 Emptiness and Salvation 179 The Germ of Buddhahood in all Beings 181 THE BUDDHISM OF FAITH185 FAITH 185 THE ACTS AND REWARDS OF DEVOTION 186 THE OBJECTS OF DEVOTION The Buddha 190 Avalokitesvara 194 Tara 196 THE PURE LAND 202 YOGACARINS207 MIND ONLY 207 TWOFOLD EGOLESSNESS 211 IRREALITY OF THE WORLD 212 THE BUDDHA AS THE BASIS OF ALL 216 Third Part THE TANTRAS By David Snellgrove The Cleansing of Thought 221 Supreme Enlightenment 221 Saraha's Treasury of Songs 224 Anangavajra, The Attainment of the Realization of Wisdom and Means 240 Note on the Mandala 246 Advayavajra, The fivefold Manifestation 249 An Evocation of Prajnaparamita 252 The Mandala conceived within 254 The Story of Tanti 255 Mila Repa and the Novices 257 Fourth Part TEXTS FROM CHINA AND JAPAN By Arthur Waley Introduction TEXTS ORIGINATING IN INDIA274 The Parable of Me and Mine 274 On the Curing of Illness contracted during Dhyana Practice 274 Meditation upon the Element Water 275 Judging the Character of a Dhyana Pupil 276 The Bracelets 278 All Words are true 278 Buddha's Doctrine 279 The Negation of Dhyana 280 Po Chu-i. Poem On Reading the Dhyana Sutra 281 Nationality 282 The Intermediate State 283 Devas repeople the Earth 283 Buddha's Pity 285 TEXTS ORIGINATING IN CHINA AND JAPAN287 A Hinayana Sect in early China 287 The Truly So 290 From the Lives of the Nuns 291 On Trust in the Heart 295 From the Conversations of Shen-hui 299 A nice Mountain 302 Rain-making 302 BIBLIOGRAPHY307 SOURCES311 GLOSSARY313 ABBREVIATIONS323
Carefree Dignity	Dedication7 Foreword9 Open and Free13 Ground22 View35 Beginning Meditation53 Transcending Shamatha64 Not Meditating, Not Being Distracted88 Guided Meditation102 Losing It108 Vajrasattva Meditation126 Development and Completion Unified140 Compassion148 Carefree161 Progressive Path167 Bardo186 Fruition201 Confidence213 Dignity230 Afterword235
Cataphatic Emptiness: rGyal-tshab on the Buddha-essence Theory of Asaṅga's Ratnagotravibhāgavyākhyā	List of Tablesv AcknowledgmentsvI Technical Notesvii Part 1: The Prāsaṅgika-Mādhyamika Interpretation of the Buddha-essence Theory Introduction2 Chapter 1: Historical and Doctrinal Background17 1. rGyal-tshab's Life and Works17 2. The social-political background26 3. The doctrinal background29 4. The Structure and Contents of the rGyud bla ṭīkā33 Chapter 2: Doctrinal Classification of the Ratnagotravibhāga37 1. Asaṅga and the Five Treatises of Maitreya38 2. The subtle emptiness according to the RGV41 The truth-habit as the cause of saṃsāra41 The truth-habit as the addictive obscuration43 Śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas' realization of objective selflessness44 Refuting the Vijñānavādin standpoint concerning emptiness47 3. The Three Stages of Teaching according to the DIR49 Establishing the unique vehicle49 As the distinctive presentation of the Prāsaṅgika-Mādhyamika viewpoint54 4. The Prajñāpāramitā-sūtra and the TGS56 5. The TGS as Being Definitive62 Chapter 3: Critiques of Absolutism, Skepticism, and Quietism69 1. Critique of Dol-po-pa's "Great Madhyamaka"70 Refuting Dol-po-pa's classification of the TGS71 Refuting Buddha-essence as a permanent entity72 Refuting Buddha-essence as being endowed with twofold purities77 2. Critique of the Mainstream Positions81 'Gos-lo's position on Buddha-essence84 dGe-lugs-pa scholars' responses89 3. A Comparison with Critiques of "Original-enlightenment" theory in Modern Chinese Buddhism94 A comparison of interpretations between 'Gos-lo and Zongmi96 Modern Chinese Critiques of "Original-enlightenment"99 Chapter 4: Analysis of the Title and Textural Structure110 1. The Title "Mahāyānottaratantra" and Its Implication110 2. The Seven Vajra-Like Bases114 Two aspects114 rGyal-tshab's revision of rNgog-lo's "two wheels" theory 116 The first three bases as ultimate fruition118 The last four bases as cause and conditions119 3. The Term "Ratnagotra" and the Textual Structure of RGV121 4. rGyal-tshab on the Fourfold Ratnagotra as Cause and Conditions124 The Element as a cause according to RGV I.16124 The last three bases as conditions127 5. On RGV 1.3129 6. Conclusion132 Chapter 5: Reality, Element, and Natural Luminosity of the Mind134 1. The Buddha-essence and Its Various Names134 2. Reality136 As immutable ultimate reality136 The tainted reality138 3. Dharmatā140 4. Natural Luminosity of the Mind142 Origin in Canonical sources142 rGyal-tshab's Exegesis on the Passages from the SMS and the DIR144 On the Passage from the GGS147 5. The Element150 According to the AAN150 According to the MAS154 6. The Buddha-essence and the Madhyamaka Philosophy156 The Equation of the Buddha-essence with emptiness156 Realizing the Buddha-essence as the Middle Way159 7. Conclusion163 Chapter 6: Buddha-essence and Its Ten Aspects164 1. The Tripartite Buddha-essence164 The diffusion of the truth body166 The indivisible reality and generic potentials168 2. The Ten Points170 Nature171 Causes173 Fruition178 Actions187 Possession192 Engagement194 States196 All-pervadingness198 Unchangeability200 Indivisible excellences205 Chapter 7: The Eighteen Similes in the Tathāgatagarbha-sūtra209 1. rGyal-tshab's General Discussion209 2. The Nine Smiles for the Obscuring Defilements215 The lotus simile for latent state of attachment215 The bees simile for latent state of hatred216 The husks simile for latent state of misknowledge216 The filth simile for intense outburst of attachment, hatred, and misknowledge218 The floor simile for ground of instincts for misknowledge219 The fruit simile for addictions eliminated by the Path of Insight220 The tattered rags simile for addictions eliminated by the Path of Meditation221 The woman simile for addictions related to the Impure Stages222 The clay simile for addictions related to the Pure stages223 Discussion of the twofold obscuration224 3. The Nine Smiles for the Obscured Element226 The three similes for the Truth Body228 The gold simile for reality230 The five similes for the spiritual gene231 Chapter 8: The Twofold Spiritual Gene236 1. Tsong-kha-pa's Analysis of the Vijñānavadin Standpoints237 2. A Mādhyamika Critique of the Vijñānavadin Standpoint248 3. The dGe-Iugs-pa Exegesis of the "Spiritual Gene" Section of the AA250 4. Natural Luminosity of the Mind under Debate256 Conclusion264 Abbreviations268 Bibliography271 Part 2: Appendices 1. A Special Edition of Chapter One of the Theg pa chen po rgyud bla ma'i ṭīkā (1a-72a and 64a-170b)285 A. Topical Outline285 B. Special Edition306 2. Translations449 A. The Mahāyānottaratantrarvyākhyā (Chapter One: 1.1-7.5 and 21.1-78.22)449 B. The Theg pa chen po rgyud bla ma'i ṭīkā (Chapter One: 1a-72a and 64a-170b)525
Chi-tsang's Ta-ch'eng-hsüan-lun: The Two Truths and the Buddha-Nature	Acknowledgmentsii I Introduction1 II. The Structure and Meaning of the Two Truths14 A. The Theoretical Structure14 1. Principle and Teaching: The Two Truths as Teachings15 2. The Context of Truth26 3. The Initial Thesis and the Four Levels of Two Truths33 B. The Identity of Emptiness and Existence: Terms and Concepts53 1. The Identity of the Two Truths54 2. The Four Categories of Interpretation62 3. Provisional and Middle: Interdependency, Principle and Teaching68 C. The Essence and Function of the Two Truths85 1. The Liang Theories94 2. The Three Kinds of Middle Path101 III. The Practice of Insight into the Two Truths113 A. Introduction113 1. Theory and Practice121 2. Prajñā and Upāya129 B. The Dharmas as Objects-of-Cognition137 1. True Dharma138 2. The True Mark of the Dharmas and the True Dharma145 3. The Non-duality of Subject and Object, Cause and Result154 C. The Concurrent Insight of the Two Truths and the Two Knowledges165 IV. The Theory and the Practice of the Buddha-nature186 A. Introduction: Chi-tsang and the Nirvāṇa-sūtra186 B. The Buddha-nature of the Middle Path200 1. The Buddha-nature Theories of the North-South Period201 2. The Buddha-nature of Neither Cause nor Result209 3. The Buddha-nature of Non-sentient Objects217 C. The Five Kinds of Buddha-nature231 1. Textual and Historical Development231 2. The Ekayāna and the Buddha-nature244 3. The Two Knowledges and the Perception of the Buddha-nature255 Appendix I: The Meaning of the Two Truths269 Appendix II: The Meaning of Buddha-nature357 Notes419 Selected Bibliography443
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An important sūtra source for the Ratnagotravibhāga, particularly for its discussion of the nine examples that illustrate how all sentient beings possess buddha-nature.

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a Bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to Buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have Bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt. बोधिसत्त्व Tib. བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ། Ch. 菩薩

The Awakening of Faith is a key source text for buddha-nature theory in East Asian Buddhism.

amalavijñāna - The ninth consciousness, the immaculate pure mind. Ch. 啊摩羅識,無垢識

bodhicitta - The altruistic thought to seek enlightenment for the sake of all sentient beings. It is said to have two aspects: compassion aimed at sentient beings and their problems and the wisdom of enlightenment as the solution. Skt. बोधिचित्त Tib. བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས། Ch. 菩提心

An important sūtra source for the Ratnagotravibhāga, particularly for its discussion of the nine examples that illustrate how all sentient beings possess buddha-nature.

bodhi - Enlightenment or awakening. In Tibetan it is translated as "purified" (byang) and "perfected" (chub), which corresponds to Siddhartha Gautama's achievement of purifying all obscurations and perfecting or attaining all qualities associated with a buddha. Skt. बोधि Tib. བྱང་ཆུབ་ Ch. 菩提,悟,覺

Descent into Laṅka Sūtra, a very influential text in East Asia and Nepal.

vinaya - Vinaya refers to the corpus of Buddhist teachings on moral discipline and precepts and is one of the three canonical sets of teachings alongside Sūtra and Abhidharma. It also refers to the monastic tradition which has been passed down since the Buddha's time until our time. Skt. विनय Tib. འདུལ་བ། Ch. 毘奈耶

buddhadhātu - A synonym for tathāgatagarbha widely used throughout the East Asian Buddhist traditions, as found in its translations as the Chinese term fó xìng and Japanese term busshō. Skt. बुद्धधातु Tib. སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ཁམས་ Ch. 佛性

Brahman - Brahman is the universal principle, supreme truth or ultimate reality in the Hindu religion considered to be absolute, eternal and blissful. A metaphysical concept, it is described as the single binding unity behind the diversity of all that exists. In Buddhism, while this metaphysical principle is not presented, one finds frequent mention of the deity named Brahmā, who is the personification of this principle. Skt. ब्रह्मन् Tib. ཚངས་པ།

anātman - The nonexistence of the self as a permanent, unchanging entity. Skt. अनात्मन् Tib. བདག་མེད་པ་ Ch. 无我

abhidharma - Abhidharma generally refers to the corpus of Buddhist texts which deals with the typological, phenomenological, metaphysical, and epistemological presentation of Buddhist concepts and teachings. The abhidharma teachings present a meta-knowledge of Buddhist sūtras through analytical and systemic schemas and are said to focus on developing wisdom among the three principles of training. The Abhidharma is presented alongside Sūtra and Vinaya as one of the three baskets of the teachings of the Buddha. Skt. अभिधर्म Tib. ཆོས་མངོན་པ། Ch. 阿毗达磨

Cittamātra - Though it is sometimes used synonymously with Yogācāra, it is in fact one of the more prominent philosophical theories associated with this school. It asserts that the objects in the external world with which we interact are actually mentally created representations appearing as those objects. The character of these perceptions is predetermined by our own karmic conditioning that is stored in the ālayavijñāna. Skt. चित्तमात्र Tib. སེམས་ཙམ་

sugatagarbha - Literally, the "essence" or "heart of the Bliss Gone One(s)," a synonym for tathāgatagarbha that is likewise often rendered into English by the term buddha-nature. Though it is often back translated into Sanskrit as sugatagarbha, this term is not found in Sanskrit sources. Skt. सुगतगर्भ Tib. བདེ་གཤེགས་སྙིང་པོ་

bodhicitta - The altruistic thought to seek enlightenment for the sake of all sentient beings. It is said to have two aspects: compassion aimed at sentient beings and their problems and the wisdom of enlightenment as the solution. Skt. बोधिचित्त Tib. བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས། Ch. 菩提心

arhat - A person who has reached nirvāṇa by eliminating the three poisons of attachment, hatred and ignorance having followed the path of seeking individual liberation as a Śrāvaka or a Pratyekabuddha. An arhat, thus, is a person who has overcome the cause of rebirth in the cycle of existence and will not take an ordinary birth again. Skt. अर्हत् Tib. དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ། Ch. 阿羅漢

anātman - The nonexistence of the self as a permanent, unchanging entity. Skt. अनात्मन् Tib. བདག་མེད་པ་ Ch. 无我

Cittamātra - Though it is sometimes used synonymously with Yogācāra, it is in fact one of the more prominent philosophical theories associated with this school. It asserts that the objects in the external world with which we interact are actually mentally created representations appearing as those objects. The character of these perceptions is predetermined by our own karmic conditioning that is stored in the ālayavijñāna. Skt. चित्तमात्र Tib. སེམས་ཙམ་

One of the tathāgatagarbha sūtras.

AS - Asiatische Studien

prabhāsvaratā - In a general sense, that which clears away darkness, though it often appears in Buddhist literature in reference to the mind or its nature. It is a particularly salient feature of Tantric literature, especially in regard to the advanced meditation techniques of the completion-stage yogas. Skt. प्रभास्वर Tib. འོད་གསལ་ Ch. 光明

DIR - Dhāraṇīśvararājasūtra

AA - Abhisamayālaṃkāra