The Bibliography

Selected Bibliography & Resources

This is a selected bibliography of academic and related references on the Mahāyānottaratantraśāstra and its commentaries. For the relevant Sanskrit, Tibetan, and Chinese texts, see the Primary Sources.

Citations

• Bernert, Christian, trans. Perfect or perfected? Rongtön on Buddha-Nature: A Commentary on the Fourth Chapter of the Ratnagotravibhāga (v v.1.27-95[a]). Kathmandu: Vajra Books, 2018.
• Brown, Brian Edward. The Buddha Nature: A Study of the Tathāgatagarbha and Ālayavijñāna. Buddhist Tradition Series, 11. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1991. Reprint 1994.
• Brunnhölzl, Karl, ed., trans. Luminous Heart: The Third Karmapa on Consciousness, Wisdom, and Buddha Nature. Nitartha Institute Series. Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications, 2008.
• Brunnhölzl, Karl, ed., trans. When the Clouds Part: The Uttaratantra and its Meditative Tradition as a Bridge between Sūtra and Tantra. Boston: Snow Lion Publications, an imprint of Shambhala Publications, 2014.
• Coleman, James William. The Buddha's Dream of Liberation: Freedom, Emptiness, and Awakened Nature. Somerville: Wisdom Publications, 2017.
• Dalai Lama, 14th. The Buddha Nature: Death and Eternal Soul in Buddhism. Woodside: Bluestar Communications, 1997.
• Duckworth, Douglas S. Mipam on Buddha-Nature: The Ground of the Nyingma Tradition. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008.
• Duckworth, Douglas S. Jamgön Mipam: His Life and Teachings. Boston: Shambhala Publications, 2011.
• Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche. Buddha-Nature: Mahayana-Uttaratantra-Shastra (Khyentse Commentary), by Arya Maitreya. Edited by Alex Trisoglio. Khyentse Foundation, 2007.
• Fuchs, Rosemarie. Buddha Nature: The Mahayana Uttaratantra Shastra. Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications, 2000.
• Griffiths, P. J., and J. P. Keenan, eds. Buddha Nature: A Festschrift in Honor of Minoru Kiyota. San Francisco and Tokyo: Buddhist Books International, 1990.
• Guenther, Herbert V. The Jewel Ornament of Liberation. Boston: Shambhala Publications, 1971. Reprint of 1959, Rider & Co., London.
• Guenther, Herbert V. From Reductionism to Creativity. Boston: Shambhala Publications, 1989.
• Prasad, H. S., ed. The Uttaratantra of Maitreya, containing E. H. Johnson's Sanskrit text and E. Obermiller's English translation. Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica, 79. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1991.
• Holmes, Ken and Katia Holmes. Maitreya on Buddha Nature: A New Translation of Asaṅga's mahāyāna uttara tantra śāstra. Forres: Altea, 1999.
• Holmes, Ken and Katia Holmes, trans. The Changeless Nature. Newcastle: Karma Kagyu Trust, 1985.
• Holmes, Ken, trans. Ornament of Precious Liberation. Edited by Thupten Jinpa. Somerville: Wisdom Publications, 2017.
• Hookham, S. K. The Buddha Within: Tathagatagarbha Doctrine According to the Shentong Interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhaga. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992.
• Hopkins, Jeffrey, trans., intro. Mountain Doctrine: Tibet's Fundamental Treatise on Other-Emptiness and the Buddha Matrix, by Döl-bo-ba Shay-rab-gyel-tsen (Dol po pa shes rab rgyal mtshan). Edited by Kevin Vose. Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications, 2006.
• Kano, Kazuo. Buddha-Nature and Emptiness: rNgog Blo-ldan-shes-rab and A Transmission of the Ratnagotravibhāga from India to Tibet. Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde 91. Vienna: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universität Wien: 2016.
• Komarovski, Yaroslav. Visions of Unity: The Golden Paṇḍita Shakya Chokden's New Interpretation of Yogācāra and Madhyamaka. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2011.
• King, Sallie B. Buddha Nature. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.
• Kramer, Ralf. The Great Tibetan Translator: Life and Works of rNgog Blo ldan shes rab (1059–1109). Collectanea Himalayica 1. München: Indus Verlag, 2007.
• Loden, Geshe Acharya Thubten. Fundamental Potential for Enlightenment in Tibetan Buddhism. Melbourne: Tushita Publications, 1996.
• Mathes, Klaus-Dieter. 'Gos Lo tsā ba gZhon nu dpal's Commentary on the Ratnagotravibhāgavyākhyā, edited text in Tibetan script. Nepal Research Centre Publications 24, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2003.
• Hugon, Pascale. Review of 'Gos Lo tsā ba gZhon nu dpal's Commentary on the Ratnagotravibhāgavyākhyā. In Asiatische Studien 60, no. 1 (2006), 246-253.
• Mathes, Klaus-Dieter. A Direct Path to the Buddha Within. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2008.
• Mipham ('jam mgon 'ju mi pham rgya mtsho). A Commentary on the Uttaratantra Shastra (rgyud bla ma) by Maitreya – Asanga. Translated by Padmakara Translation Group, John Canti, forthcoming.
• Nakamura, Zuiryū. Study of the Ratnagotra-uttaratantra. Tokyo: Suzuki Research Foundation, 1967.
• Rinchen, Geshe Sonam. Buddha Nature (Geshe Sonam Rinchen). New Delhi: Library of Tibetan Works & Archives, 2003.
• Ruegg, David Seyfort. Buddha-nature, Mind and the Problem of Gradualism in a Comparative Perspective: On the Transmission and Reception of Buddhism in India and Tibet. Jordan Lectures in Comparative Religion. RoutledgeCurzon, 1989.
• Ruegg, David Seyfort. La théorie du Tathāgatagarbha et du Gotra; études sur la sotériologie et la gnoséologie du bouddhisme. Paris: École Française d'Extrême Orient, 1969.
• Ruegg, David Seyfort and Bu-ston Rin-chen-grub. Le Traité du Tathāgatagarbha de Bu ston Rin chen grub. Paris: École Française d'Extrême Orient, 1973.
• Ruegg, David Seyfort. Studies in Indian and Tibetan Madhyamaka Thought Part 1: Three Studies in the History of Indian and Tibetan Madhyamaka Philosophy. Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde 50. Vienna: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universität Wien, 2000.
• Schmithausen, Lambert. Plants in Early Buddhism and the Far Eastern Idea of the Buddha-Nature of Grasses and Trees. Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute, 2009.
• Sebastian, C. D. Metaphysics and Mysticism in Mahāyāna Buddhism: An Analytical Study of the Ratnagotravibhāga-Mahāyānottaratantra-śāstraṃ. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 2005.
• Stambaugh, Joan. Impermanence is Buddha-Nature: Dōgen's Understanding of Temporality. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990.
• Stearns, Cyrus. The Buddha from Dölpo: A Study of the Life and Thought of the Tibetan Master Dölpopa Sherab Gyaltsen. Tsadra Foundation Series. Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications, 2010.
• Takasaki, Jikido. A Study on the Ratnagotravibhāga (Uttaratantra): Being a Treatise on the Tathāgatagarbha Theory of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Serie Orientale Roma 33. Roma: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente (ISMEO), 1966.
• Takasaki, Jikido. Collected Papers on the Tathāgatagarbha Doctrine. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2014.
• Thrangu Rinpoche. Buddha Nature: Ten Teachings on the Uttaratantra Shastra, by Arya Maitreya, Translated by Erik Pema Kunsang. Hong Kong: Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 1993, 1988.
• Thrangu Rinpoche. The Uttara Tantra: A Treatise on Buddha Nature, translated by Ken Holmes and Katia Holmes, edited by Clark Johnson. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1989, 1994.
• Wangchuk, Tsering. The Uttaratantra in the Land of Snows: Tibetan Thinkers Debate the Centrality of the Buddha-Nature Treatise. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2017.
• Zasep Tulku Rinpoche. Buddha-Nature: The Mahayana Uttara Tantra Shastra: Maitreya's Root Text and Asanga's Commentary, based on a translation by Obermiller, Eugène. Vancouver: Zuru Ling Tibetan Buddhist Centre, 2001.
• Zimmermann, Michael. A Buddha Within: The Tathāgatagarbhasūtra: The Earliest Exposition of the Buddha-Nature Teachings in India. Biblotheca Philologica et Philosophica Buddhica VI, Tokyo: The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, Soka University. 2002.
• Chen, Shuman. "Buddha-Nature of Insentient Beings." In Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion, 218-212. Springer, 2nd ed., vol. 1, 2014.
• Burchardi, Anne. "Towards an understanding of Tathāgatagarbha interpretation in Tibet with special reference to the Ratnagotravibhāga." In Religion and Secular Culture in Tibet, PIATS, 2000, 59-77. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
• Duckworth, Douglas S. "Buddha-Nature and the Logic of Pantheism." In The Buddhist World, edited by John Powers, 235-247. Abingdon, Oxon and New York, NY: Routledge, 2016.
• Gokhale, Vasudeva Vishnunath. "A Note on Ratnagotravibhāga I.52 + Bhagavadgītā XIII.32." In Studies in Indology and Buddhology Presented in Honour of Professor Susumu Yamaguchi on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday, 90-91. Kyoto: Hozokan, 1955.
• Goswami, S.C. "The monistic absolute of the Uttaratantra and modern science", In Philosophy, Grammar and Indology: Essays in Honour of Prof. Gustav Roth, 275-282. Edited by Hari Shankar Prasad. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications/Indian Books Centre, 1992.
• Grosnick, William H. "The Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra." In Buddhism in Practice, edited by Donald Lopez, 92-106. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.
• Kano, Kazuo. "Rngog Blo ldan shes rab's Topical Outline of the Ranagotravibhāga Discovered at Khara Khoto." In Contributions to Tibetan Buddhist Literature: Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, PIATS, Königswinter, 2006. Saale: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies, 2008.
• Müller, Ralf. "Philosophy and the Practice of Reflexivity. On Dogen's Discourse about Buddha-nature." In Concepts of Philosophy in Asia and the Islamic World 25 (2018): 545-576.
• Park, Jin. "The Wön Buddhist Practice of the Buddha-Nature." In Religions of Korea in Practice, edited by Robert E. Bushwell, Jr., 476-486. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.
• Swanson, Paul L. “T'ien-t'ai Chih'i's Concept of Threefold Buddha Nature-A Synergy of Reality, Wisdom, and Practice.” In Buddha Nature: A Festschrift in Honor of Minoru Kiyota, edited by Paul J. Griffiths and John P. Keenan, 171-180. Tokyo: Buddhist Books International, 1990.
• Takasaki, J. "Tathagatagarbha and the community of bodhisattvas", in Kalyana-mitta. Professor H. Nakamura Felicitation Volume (ed. V.N. Jha), 247-256. Delhi, 1991.
• Zimmerman, Michael. “The Process of Awakening in Early Texts on Buddha-Nature in India.” In A Distant Mirror: Articulating Indic Ideas in Sixth and Seventh Century Chinese Buddhism, edited by Lin, Chen-kuo and Radich, Michael, 513–528. Hamburg Buddhist Studies, 3. Hamburg: Hamburg University Press, 2014.
• Lusthaus, Dan. [[Review of Impermanence is Buddha-nature: Dōgen's Understanding of Temporality, by Joan Stambaugh]]. Chanoyu Quarterly: Tea and the Arts of Japan 69: 69-72.
• Sur, Dominic. Review of ''The Uttaratantra in the Land of Snows'', by Tsering Wangchuk, Reading Religion, August 9, 2017, http://readingreligion.org/books/uttaratantra-land-snows.
• Bernert, Christian. "Rong-ston on Buddha-Nature: A Commentary on the Fourth Chapter of the Ratnagotravibhāga." Master's thesis, University of Vienna, 2009.
• Duckworth, Douglas S. "Buddha-Nature and a Dialectic of Presence and Absence in the Works of Mi-Pham." PhD diss., University of Virginia, 2005.
• Germano, David Francis. "Poetic Thought, the Intelligent Universe, and the Mystery of Self: The Tantric Synthesis of rDzogs Chen in Fourteenth Century Tibet." PhD diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1992.
• Jiang, Bo. "Cataphatic Emptiness: rGyal-tshab on the Buddha-essence Theory of Asaṅga's Ratnagotravibhāgavyākhyā." PhD diss., Columbia University, 2008.
• Jorden, Ngawang. "Buddha-Nature: Through the Eyes of Go rams pa Bsod nams seng ge in Fifteenth-Century Tibet." PhD diss., Harvard University, 2003.
• Kano, Kazuo. "Chibeto ni okeru hōshōron no juyō to tenkai" (On the Acceptance and Development of the Ratnagotravibhāga in Tibet). Master's thesis, University of Kyoto, 2001.
• Kano, Kazuo. "rNgog Blo‐ldan‐shes‐rabʹs Summary of the Ratnagotravibhāga: The First Tibetan Commentary on a Crucial Source for the Buddha‐nature Doctrine." PhD diss., University of Hamburg, 2006.
• Khosla, Usha. "Study of the Tathagatagarbha as True Self and the True Selves of the Brahmanic, Sankhya and Jaina Traditions." PhD diss., University of Toronto, 2015.
• Miller, Adam Tyler. "The Buddha said that Buddha said so: a translation and analysis of "Pūrvayogaparivarta" from the Ratnaketu Dhāraṇī Sūtra.." PhD diss., University of Missouri-Columbia, 2013.
• Schaeffer, Kurtis. "The Enlightened Heart of Buddhahood: A Study and Translation of the Third Karma pa Rang byung rdo rje's Work on Tathāgatagarbha, The Bde bzhin gshegs pa'i snying po gtan la dbab pa." Master's thesis, University of Washington, 1995.
• Shu-Hui, Jennifer Chen. "Affirmation in Negation: A Study of the Tathāgatagarbha Theory in Light of the Bodhisattva Practices." PhD diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1998.
• Turenne, Philippe. "Interpretations of Unity: Hermeneutics in Śākya mchog ldan's Interpretation of the Five Treatises of Maitreya." PhD diss., McGill University, 2010.
• Wangchuk, Tsering. "The Uttaratantra in the Age of Argumentation - Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen and his Fourteenth-Century Interlocutors on Buddha-Lineage." PhD diss., University of Virginia, 2009.
• Ahmad, Zahiruddin. "The Womb of the Tathāgata or Buddhist Monism." Journal of The Oriental Society of Australia 15/16, (1983-84): 27-44.
• Bailey, V. H. & E. H. Johnston. "A Fragment of the Uttratantra in Sanskrit." Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 8, no. 1, (1935): 77-89.
• Burchardi, Anne. "A Provisional List of Tibetan Commentaries on the Ratnagotravibhāga." Tibet Journal 31, no. 4 (Winter 2006): 3-46.
• Burchardi, Anne, "How Can a Momentary and Conditioned Mind Be Integral to Gzhan Stong?." Journal of Buddhist Philosophy 2, (2016): 55-77.
• Chen, Shuman. "Chinese Tiantai Doctrine on Insentient Things' Buddha-Nature." Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 中華佛學學報 24, (2011): 71-104.
• Duckworth, Douglas S. "Onto-theology and Emptiness: The Nature of Buddha-Nature." Journal of the American Academy of Religion vol. 82, no. 4, (2014): 1070–1090.
• Duckworth, Douglas S. "Grounds of Buddha-Nature in Tibet." 불교학리뷰 Critical Review for Buddhist Studies 21, (2017): 109-136.
• D'Amato, Mario. "Can all Beings Potentially Attain Awakening? Gotra-theory in the Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra." Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 26, no. 1 (2003): 115-138.
• Gimello, Robert M. "Apophatic and Kataphatic discourse in Mahayana: A Chinese View." Philosophy East and West 26, no 2 (1976): 117-136.
• Grosnick, William. "Nonorigination and nirvana in the early tathagatagarbha literature", Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 4, no. 2 (1981): 33-43.
• Groves, Nicholas. "Image-Likeness and ‘Tathāgatagarbha:’ A Reading of William of St. Thierry’s ‘Golden Epistle’ and the ‘Ratnagotravibhāga’." Buddhist-Christian Studies 10 (January 1, 1990): 97-117.
• Higgins, David. "On the rDzogs chen Distinction between Mind (sems) and Primordial Knowing (ye shes): Clarifications and Transcendental Arguments." Journal of Buddhist Philosophy 2, (2016): 23-54.
• Kano, Kazuo. "Hōshōronchū kenkyū (1)—Phya pa niyoru hōshōron 1.26 kaishaku—(Study of Commentaries of the Ratnagotravibhāga (1)—Phya pa's Interpretation of the Verse 1.26)". Indogaku Bukkyōgaku Kenkyū 51, no. 2 (2003): 109-11.
• Kano, Kazuo. "rṄog Blo ldan śes rab's position on the Buddha-nature doctrine and its influence on the early gSaṅ phu tradition." Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 32, no. 1-2 (2009) 2010: 249-283.
• Kano, Kazuo. "Ratnākaraśānti's Understanding of Buddha-nature." China Tibetology 25 (2015): 52-77.
• Kano, Kazuo. "Exegeses of the Ratnagotravibhāga in Kashmir in the 11th and 12th Century," Kōyasandaigaku daigakuin kiyō 15 (2016): 1-23.
• King, Sallie B. "Buddha Nature and the Concept of Person." Philosophy East and West 39, no 2 (1989): 151-170.
• Komarovski, Yaroslav. "Reburying the Treasure—Maintaining the Continuity: Two Texts by Shakya Chokden on the Buddha-Essence." Journal of Indian Philosophy 34, no. 6 (2006): 521-570.
• Komarovski, Yaroslav. "Shakya Chokden’s Interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhāga: “Contemplative” or “Dialectical”?" Journal of Indian Philosophy 38, no. 4 (2010): 441-452.
• Komarovski, Yaroslav. "From the Three Natures to the Two Natures: On a Fluid Approach to the Two Versions of Other-Emptiness from Fifteenth-Century Tibet." Journal of Buddhist Philosophy 2 (2016): 78-113.
• Mano, Ryukai. "Tathagata in Haribhadra's commentary." Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu) 32 (1968): 968-975.
• Mathes, Klaus-Dieter. "'Gos Lo tsa ba gZhon nu dpal’s Commentary on the Dharmata Chapter of the Dharmadharmatavibhagakarikas.” Studies in Indian Philosophy and Buddhism, Tokyo University 12 (2005): 3-39.
• Mathes, Klaus-Dieter. "'Gos Lo tsā ba gZhon nu dpal's Extensive Commentary on and Study of the Ratna-gotravibhāgavyākhyā". In Religion and Secular Culture in Tibet, 79-96. Proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies (PIATS), Leiden, 2000. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library 2, bk. 2 . Leiden : Brill, 2002.
• Mathes, Klaus-Dieter. "Taranatha's Twenty-One Differences with Regard to the Profound Meaning." Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 27, no. 2 (2004): 285-328.
• Mathes, Klaus-Dieter. "Introduction: The History of the Rang stong-Gzhan stong Distinction from Its Beginning through the Ris-med Movement." Journal of Buddhist Philosophy 2 (2016): 4-8.
• Mathes, Klaus-Dieter. "Presenting a Controversial Doctrine in a Conciliatory Way: Mkhan chen Gang shar dbang po's (1925-1958/59?) Inclusion of Gzhan Stong ("Emptiness of Other") within Prāsaṅgika." Journal of Buddhist Philosophy 2 (2016): 114-13.
• Mathes, Klaus-Dieter. "The Eighth Karmapa Mi bskyod rdo rje (1507-1554) on the Relation between Buddha Nature and its Adventitious Stains." Critical Review for Buddhist Studies 22 (2017. 12), 63-104.
• Mathes, Klaus-Dieter. "Did ‘Gos Lo tsā ba gZhon nu dpal (1392-1481) Espouse a gZhan sTong View?." In Fifteenth Century Tibet: Cultural Blossoming and Political Unrest. LIRI Seminar Proceedings Series 8. Lumbini: LIRI, 2017, 291-311.
• Obermiller, Eugène, tr., Uttaratantra or Ratnagotra-vibhāga: The Sublime Science of the Great Vehicle to Salvation, Being a Manual of Buddhist Monism: The Work of Ārya Maitreya with a Commentary by Āryāsaṅga. Acta Orientalia 9 (1931): 81-306.
• Ogawa, Ichijo. "With regard to the thought of Tathagatagarbha (Buddha-dhatu) in Indian Mahayana Buddhism" (summary). [Tohogaku] (ToG) 30 (1965): 10-11.
• Ruegg, David Seyfort. "The Meanings of the Term 'Gotra' and the Textual History of the 'Ratnagotravibhāga'." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 39, no. 2 (January 1, 1976): 341-363.
• Ruegg, David Seyfort. "On the dGe Lugs Theory of the Tathāgatagarbha." in Pratidānam. J.C. Heesterman (ed.), The Hague: Mouton, 1968; 500-509.
• Sharf, Robert H. "Buddha-nature and Early Chan." Paper presented at "Tathāgatagarbha of Buddha-nature Thought: Its Formation, Reception, and Transformation in India, East Asia, and Tibet" conference, Seoul, Korea, August 6-7, 2016.
• Schmithausen, Lambert. "Philologische Bemerkungen zum Ratnagotravibhāga." Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens 15 (1971): 123-77.
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• Takasaki, Jikidō. "A comment on the term arambana in the Ratnagotravibhaga I.9", Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu) JIBSt 10.2 (1962): 26-33.
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These are the root verses of the Uttaratantra attributed to Maitreya by the Tibetan tradition.

These are the root verses of the Uttaratantra attributed to Maitreya by the Tibetan tradition.

An important sūtra source for the Ratnagotravibhāga, particularly for its discussion of the nine examples that illustrate how all sentient beings possess buddha-nature.

dhātu - A fundamental component or essential constituent. Skt. धातु Tib. ཁམས་ Ch. 界

tathāgatagarbha - Buddha-nature, literally the "womb/essence of those who have gone (to suchness)." Skt. तथागतगर्भ Tib. དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་སྙིང་པོ་ Ch. 如来藏

gzhan stong - The state of being devoid of that which is wholly different rather than being void of its own nature. The term is generally used to refer to the ultimate, or buddha-nature, being empty of other phenomena such as adventitious defiling emotions but not empty of its true nature. Tib. གཞན་སྟོང་

The Awakening of Faith is a key source text for buddha-nature theory in East Asian Buddhism.

sūtra - Sūtras mainly refer to the discourses delivered by the Buddha and his disciples, and the Sūtra corpus is one of the three main sets of teachings which form the Buddhist canon. Skt. सूत्र Tib. མདོ། Ch. 佛经

Mahāyāna - Mahāyāna, or the Great Vehicle, refers to the system of Buddhist thought and practice which developed around the beginning of Common Era, focusing on the pursuit of the state of full enlightenment of the Buddha through the realization of the wisdom of emptiness and the cultivation of compassion. Skt. महायान Tib. ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོ། Ch. 大乘

sūtra - Sūtras mainly refer to the discourses delivered by the Buddha and his disciples, and the Sūtra corpus is one of the three main sets of teachings which form the Buddhist canon. Skt. सूत्र Tib. མདོ། Ch. 佛经

Madhyamaka - Along with Yogācāra, it is one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Nāgārjuna around the second century CE, it is rooted in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras, though its initial exposition was presented in Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā. Skt. मध्यमक Tib. དབུ་མ་ Ch. 中觀見

Prajñāpāramitā - A class of Mahāyāna sūtras which represents some of the earliest known literature of this genre of Buddhism. There are around forty texts associated with this category, though the most widespread is the exceedingly brief Prajñāpāramitāhṛdayasūtra, popularly known as the Heart Sūtra. This class of literature is typically associated with the second turning of the dharma wheel and especially with the teachings on emptiness (śūnyatā). As such, these texts were the primary scriptural source for the philosophy of the Madhyamaka school. Skt. प्रज्ञापारमिता Tib. ཤེར་ཕྱིན་,ཤེས་རབ་ཀྱི་ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ་ Ch. 般若波羅蜜多

nītārtha - Refers to a teaching that is literally true. Skt. नीतार्थ Tib. ངེས་དོན་

neyārtha - Refers to something that is taught for a specific reason, rather than because it is entirely true. Skt. नेयार्थ Tib. དྲང་དོན་

icchantika - Literally, "those with great desire," icchantikas could be rendered as hedonists or addicts. However, the term is generally used to refer to those who, due to their insatiable desire, are incapable of enlightenment. Skt. इच्छन्तिक Tib. འདོད་ཆེན་,འདོད་ཆེན་པོ་ Ch. 一闡提

"This sūtra became an important scriptural source for the discussion of buddha-nature in China and is famous for associating the term buddhadhātu with tathāgatagarbha.

ālayavijñāna - A neutral base consciousness that is posited as the storehouse for the seeds of past karmic actions in which they remain in a latent state until the circumstances arise for them to ripen as karmic consequences. Skt. आलयविज्ञान Tib. ཀུན་གཞིའི་རྣམ་ཤེས་ Ch. 藏識,阿賴耶識